Disease relevance of papG

• Escherichia coli strains were tested for hemolysin, the papG genotype, and the ribosomal RNA type [1].
• The papG allele III and foc gene were found more frequently and the papG allele II less frequently among prostatitis than from pyelonephritis isolates [2].
• Recent studies, however, showed papG III positive human and dog cystitis isolates to be largely indistinguishable [3].
• In addition, both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that old age and papG class II allele were risk factors for the development of E coli bacteremia in patients with upper UTI [4].

High impact information on papG

• We suggest that the Class I papG-allele of strain J96 is a novel acquisition possibly introduced via horizontal gene transfer into one of the two P pili gene clusters carried by this strain [5].
• We examined the role in bladder colonization of the E. coli 83972 genes papG and fimH, which respectively encode P and type 1 receptor-specific fimbrial adhesins [6].
• Most of the canine urine isolates were from (virulence-associated) E. coli phylogenetic groups B2 or D, expressed papG allele III, and exhibited numerous other putative virulence genes that are characteristic of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) [7].
• According to serotyping, virulence genotyping, and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, over 50% of papG-positive fecal E. coli could be directly correlated with specific human clinical isolates from patients with cystitis, pyelonephritis, bacteremia, or meningitis, including archetypal human ExPEC strains 536, CP9, and RS218 [8].
• On the other hand, strains without any papG alleles were found significantly more often in infants with major urinary tract abnormalities (11 of 34 vs. 17 of 119 infants; P=.016) [9].

Biological context of papG

• None of the three papG allelic variants was detected, but a homologous papG gene was present in the chromosome of strain 31A [10].
• Pap, papG and prsG DNA sequences in Escherichia coli from the fecal flora and the urinary tract [11].
• There was also substantial overlap of phenotypes between papG categories I plus III and III only and between II plus III and II only [12].
• Diversity of hemagglutination phenotypes among P-fimbriated wild-type strains of Escherichia coli in relation to papG allele repertoire [12].
• Variation in specificity for different glycoconjugates between the isolates, that may reflect variation in host tropism, has been correlated to three different classes of papG [13].

Associations of papG with chemical compounds

• Nevertheless, genes for P fimbriae, the class II variety of papG adhesin, and aerobactin were significantly more common among resident than transient strains, as previously observed in a Swedish study [14].
• The protein constituting the distal part of the pili structure, papG, interacts with glycan receptors on the host cell [13].
• Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes with poor blood glucose control, immunosuppression, urinary tract obstruction, and papG class II allele were independently associated with upper UTI [4].

Other interactions of papG

• PCR detected the virulence genes papG, aer, and cnf significantly more frequently in mixed intestinal samples than in the corresponding predominant strains, evidence that traditional methods are suboptimal for detecting colonization with uropathogens [15].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of papG

• Colocalization of these genes was documented by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis followed by Southern hybridization and long-range PCR (LRPCR) between the hra and the papG alleles [16].

References