Disease relevance of Serotyping

• A resurgence of invasive streptococcal diseases and rheumatic fever has appeared in outbreaks over the past 10 years, with a predominant M1 serotype as well as others identified with the outbreaks. emm (M protein) gene sequencing has changed serotyping, and new virulence genes and new virulence regulatory networks have been defined [1].
• The serotyping of E. coli based on the somatic (O), flagellar (H) and capsular polysaccharide antigens (K) is used in epidemiology [2].
• Extent of antigenic diversity in the V3 region of the surface glycoprotein, gp120, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M and consequences for serotyping [3].
• The isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli cultured from 8 of the 18 infants were characterized by serotyping, DNA hybridization, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles [4].
• Lipopolysaccharide serotyping of Neisseria meningitidis by hemagglutination inhibition [5].

High impact information on Serotyping

• Pneumococcal penicillin G sodium minimal inhibitory concentrations and serotyping were performed [6].
• Serotyping of more than half the isolates identified 96% of these isolates to be present in the currently available pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [7].
• All participants were of African descent and were enrolled in epidemiologic studies conducted at the University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. We used standard microlymphocytotoxicity assays for HLA antigen serotyping and polymerase chain reaction-based methods to examine HLA class II DRB1 and DQB1 alleles [8].
• The outbreak was caused by a single strain of C jejuni, as demonstrated by biotyping (biotype I), serotyping (LAU 7/PEN 18 on heat-stable antigens, a new serotype on heat-labile antigens), and the identical susceptibility pattern and outer-membrane-protein profile on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [9].
• Serotyping showed that most recurrences were reinfections with ampicillin-resistant strains [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Serotyping

• Isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex from 727 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were submitted by medical centers across the United States to the Centers for Disease Control for serotyping [11].
• To develop monoclonal reagents for antigenic analysis and serotyping of Campylobacter spp., hybridoma cell lines were produced by fusion of mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from mice immunized with Formalin-treated Campylobacter jejuni organisms [12].
• A new serotyping assay for Gram-negative bacteria is also described in which sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilized antigens are applied as lines with and without prior proteinase K digestion [13].
• Serotyping was done with sorbitol-negative E. coli strains, first by using the latex-agglutination test for O157 followed by complete serotyping [14].
• Twenty-four Actinobacillus suis isolates obtained from several species of non-porcine mammals were compared to the representative porcine strains, ATCC 15557 (serotype O1) and H89-1173 (serotype O2), by O serotyping, DNA fingerprinting, PCR amplification of apxICA, apxIICA and apxIIICA toxin genes and by rrs (16S rRNA) gene sequencing [15].

Biological context of Serotyping

• Novel genetic markers of rheumatoid arthritis in Chilean patients, by DR serotyping and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis [16].
• Immunoblots and plasmid fingerprints compared with serotyping and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile [17].
• Serotyping (RIBA serotyping strip immunoblot assay kit) of 23 dialysis patients showed that the genotype could be determined in 6 of 8 (75%) C/E1 RT-PCR-negative and 15 of 23 (65.2%) RT-PCR-positive samples, indicating that the two tests complement each other [18].
• Direct rotavirus serotyping (VP7, G type) in stool specimens was carried out by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT-PCR) and compared to serotyping by enzyme immunoassay with monoclonal antibodies (EIA-MAb) [19].
• Dengue NS1-specific antibody responses: isotype distribution and serotyping in patients with Dengue fever and Dengue hemorrhagic fever [20].

Anatomical context of Serotyping

• Methods involved serotyping red cells for ABO, Rh, and MN antigens and typing leukocytes for HLA, A, B, and C locus antigens [21].
• HLA-DR and -DQ serotyping was undertaken in 39 of the patients and the magnitude of T-cell proliferative responses to Der p 2 were found to be positively associated with DQ7 and negatively associated with DQ2 [22].
• Modified latex agglutination test for rapid detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid and direct serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae [23].
• Seven hundred and thirty-four isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, recovered from the sputum of 238 cystic fibrosis patients in six French hospitals, were characterized by esterase electrophoretic typing, capsular polysaccharide serotyping and phage typing and tested against 14 antibiotics for sensitivity [24].
• Results on serotyping for "B-cell DW2" antigen are suggestive of an increased frequency of this antigen in chronic progressive MS patients (RR = 2.9, P = 0.01) [25].

Associations of Serotyping with chemical compounds

• Recent invasive GAS isolates were compared with pre-1994 invasive isolates and temporally related pharyngeal isolates by M protein serotyping, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A gene [26].
• We developed a screening plate by utilizing sorbitol fermentation as a biochemical marker to identify organisms for serotyping [27].
• Latex assay for serotyping of group B Streptococcus isolates [28].
• The serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility patterns suggested a few endemic strains of serotypes O13, O2/3, O12/14, and nontypable strains [29].
• Of the 11 S. marcescens isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control for serotyping (6 from aqueous benzalkonium chloride sponge pots, 5 from intravenous catheters), 8 were identified as serotype O10:H11 [30].

Gene context of Serotyping

• PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) serotyping on patients enrolled onto Southwest Oncology Group Trial 9035, a randomized, observation-controlled, phase III trial of adjuvant Melacine [31].
• A comparison of two types of data for DQA1 and DRB1 showed that serotyping led to generally lower estimates of S [32].
• We used the resources of Mayo Clinic's tissue typing laboratory for serotyping class I HLA-A and HLA-B alleles via microlymphocytotoxicity assays [33].
• It was typed serologically by excreted factor serotyping and enzymologically by thick starch electrophoresis of four of its enzymes: GPI, G6PD, 6PGD and PGM [34].
• Tissue typing for HLA-A and B molecules was performed using serotyping methodology based on lymphocytotoxicity reaction [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Serotyping

• Characterization of a multidrug-resistant clone of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B in Alaska by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PspA serotyping [36].
• When plaque-purified preparations of these tissue culture-adapted viruses were analyzed in the serotyping ELISA, the C60 and C86 preparations reacted only as serotype 1 viruses, indicating that the original fecal samples, which showed multiple VP7 reactivities, were heterogeneous and apparently contained two types of viruses [37].
• On the one hand, virus culture was done to isolate the enteroviruses, and serotyping was done by a coxsackievirus A24 variant-specific PCR [38].
• Sequence analysis of the C. jejuni flaA SVR may be a useful tool for epidemiologic investigations and could complement or replace serotyping and other subtyping methods [39].
• Following an outbreak of meningococcal disease in three schoolchildren in a small community in northern Norway, DNA fingerprinting, serotyping with monoclonal antibodies, serogrouping, and sulfonamide sensitivity testing were applied for characterization and tracing of the causative agent [40].

References