Disease relevance of SPANXA1

• RT-PCR analysis demonstrates that SPAN-Xb is a cancer/testis antigen and shows a restricted normal tissue expression [1].
• Based on these data, we conclude that SPAN-Xb is a novel member of the family of cancer/testis antigens aberrantly expressed by, and capable of inducing, immune responses in patients with multiple myeloma and other hematologic malignancies [1].
• Gene expression and immunologic consequence of SPAN-Xb in myeloma and other hematologic malignancies [1].

Psychiatry related information on SPANXA1

• The non-dominant (left) hand movements of three groups of participants were examined: 10 individuals with limb-apraxia (APX); 8 individuals without limb apraxia who had sustained a LCVA (NAPX); and 19 healthy individuals without a history of brain impairment (NBD) [2].

High impact information on SPANXA1

• There was a good correlation between SPAN-Xb gene expression and B-cell immune responses [1].
• We found that SPAN-Xb promoter function could be silenced by methylation [3].
• Both IL-7 and GM-CSF were also able to upregulate the expression of SPAN-Xb in myeloma cells, but only after the promoter sequence has been hypomethylated [3].
• 5-Azacytidine induced promoter hypomethylation and resulted in SPAN-Xb expression, at both the transcript and protein levels [3].
• Tumor cells were treated with 5-azacytidine and a panel of cytokines were used to determine their ability to induce SPAN-Xb expression [3].

Biological context of SPANXA1

• During spermiogenesis, the SPANXa/d-positive domain migrated into the base of the head as the redundant nuclear envelope that protrudes into the residual cytoplasm [4].
• The SPANXa/d gene products are among the few examples of X-linked nuclear proteins expressed following meiosis [4].
• Hominoid-specific SPANXA/D genes demonstrate differential expression in individuals and protein localization to a distinct nuclear envelope domain during spermatid morphogenesis [4].

Anatomical context of SPANXA1

• In this study, RT-PCR of human testis mRNA from individuals showed that, although all SPANXA/D genes are expressed in humans, differences are evident [4].
• The SPANXa/d protein localized to the nuclear envelope of round, condensing and elongating spermatids, specifically to regions that do not underlie the developing acrosome [4].

Associations of SPANXA1 with chemical compounds

• Post-testicular modification of the SPANXa/d proteins was noted, as were PEST (proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine rich regions) domains [4].
• Bisulfite conversion with sequence analysis was applied to a panel of tumor cells and normal tissues to correlate the CpG dinucleotide hypomethylation and SPAN-Xb expression [3].
• Hypomethylation of the CpG dinucleotides at positions -310, -307, -299 and -221 within the SPAN-Xb promoter strongly predict for SPAN-Xb expression [3].

Other interactions of SPANXA1

• We recently demonstrated that SPAN-Xb expression in myeloma cells is regulated through promoter methylation and could be upregulated by IL-7 and GM-CSF [5].
• Semenogelin 1 was also frequently coexpressed with other CT antigens, Sperm protein 17 and SPAN-Xb [6].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of SPANXA1

• In transfected mammalian CV1 cells, the SPAN-Xa and SPAN-Xb proteins were localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, by indirect immunofluorescence [7].
• SPAN-Xb recombinant protein was produced and used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis [1].

References