Disease relevance of LYZL1

• Fractionation of the Gluconacetobacter protein mixture in size-exclusion chromatography reveals a main fraction with lysozyme-like activity which produces lysis of both living bacteria and isolated cell walls [1].
• As a result, the hemolymph samples of injected insects contained strongly increased antibacterial activities against E. coli as well as clearly enhanced lysozyme-like activities [2].

High impact information on LYZL1

• SLLP1 is an intra-acrosomal, nonbacteriolytic, c lysozyme-like protein recently isolated from human spermatozoa [3].
• Using Northern blot hybridization, including 16 different human tissues, we found that these four lysozyme-like genes were all highly expressed in the testis/epididymis [4].
• We report the presence of a unique, non-bacteriolytic, c (chicken or conventional type) lysozyme-like protein, SLLP1, in the acrosome of human sperm [5].
• They shared many of the properties with methicillin-resistant staphylococci accumulated from other sources except for the lack of lysozyme-like activity [6].
• Parenteral administration of bacteria or microbial polysaccharides in earthworms results, in the coelomic fluid, in augmented level of CCF, increased lysozyme-like activity and decreased hemolytic activity [7].

Biological context of LYZL1

• We found a high degree of individual variation in both traits studied, the lysozyme-like antibacterial activity of hemolymph and the capacity for in vitro phagocytosis of artificial particles [8].

Anatomical context of LYZL1

• As expected, hemolymph derived from females had higher lysozyme-like activity and hemocytes from females phagocytosed more particles [8].
• These glycogenrich cells are considered to be the substrate for an endogenous flora of lactobacteria, whereas the acid-phosphatase activity and the lysozyme-like immunoreactivity indicate the presence of macrophages and the secretion of bactericidal agents at the epithelial surface [9].
• These cells lack acid phosphatase activity and lysozyme-like immunoreactivity, both of which can be demonstrated to varying extents in the other zones of the distal male urethra [9].
• Lysozyme-like activity could be detected in some fractions and haemolytic activity against human red blood cells could be detected in haemolymph/haemocyte and exoskeleton extracts from all species tested [10].
• Our results provide the first evidence for a potential genetic trade-off within the insect immune system, with antibacterial activity (lysozyme-like) exhibiting a significant negative genetic correlation with haemocyte density, which itself is positively genetically correlated with both haemolymph phenoloxidase activity and cuticular melanization [11].

Associations of LYZL1 with chemical compounds

• Spectrophotometric tests for the presence of a lysozyme-like principle in the serum also revealed similar trends with a significant loss of enzyme activity in 2,4,5-T-treated insects [12].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of LYZL1

• Molecular cloning and characterization of three novel lysozyme-like genes, predominantly expressed in the male reproductive system of humans, belonging to the c-type lysozyme/alpha-lactalbumin family [4].

References