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MeSH Review

Cell Wall

 
 
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Disease relevance of Cell Wall

 

Psychiatry related information on Cell Wall

  • Defense mechanisms of plants against pathogens often entail cell wall strengthening, ethylene biosynthesis, expression of pathogen-related proteins and hypersensitive responses (HR) [6].
  • Muramyl-dipeptide (MDP), a metabolite of bacterial cell walls, has a variety of biological effects, including the induction of acute phase serum glycoproteins and fever, and the promotion of slow wave sleep [7].
  • By contrast, Myo52 motor activity was required for both localization and cellular function. myo52Delta cells were unable to efficiently localize the beta-1,3-glucan synthase, Bgs1, either at the cell poles or at the division septum, regions of cell wall deposition [8].
 

High impact information on Cell Wall

  • Finally, another small G protein, Rho1, is required for activity of beta (1-->3)glucan synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the major structural component of the yeast cell wall [9].
  • Recent studies clarified the unusual structures of arabinogalactan as well as of extractable cell wall lipids, such as trehalose-based lipooligosaccharides, phenolic glycolipids, and glycopeptidolipids [10].
  • The utility of this approach is validated by examining profiles caused by deletions of uncharacterized genes: we identify and experimentally confirm that eight uncharacterized open reading frames encode proteins required for sterol metabolism, cell wall function, mitochondrial respiration, or protein synthesis [11].
  • Elicitor- and wound-induced oxidative cross-linking of a proline-rich plant cell wall protein: a novel, rapid defense response [12].
  • Treatment of bean or soybean cells with fungal elicitor or glutathione causes a rapid insolubilization of preexisting (hydroxy)proline-rich structural proteins in the cell wall [12].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Cell Wall

 

Biological context of Cell Wall

  • Arabidopsis plants with a mutation in the ANQ1 gene, an ortholog of NQK1/NtMEK1, display a dwarf phenotype, with unusually large cells that contain multiple nuclei and cell-wall stubs in various organs [17].
  • The cell wall integrity signaling pathway controlled by the small G-protein Rho1 is principally responsible for orchestrating changes to the cell wall periodically through the cell cycle and in response to various forms of cell wall stress [18].
  • Sir3 hyperphosphorylation is correlated with reduced subtelomeric silencing, increased subtelomeric cell wall gene expression, and stress resistance to chlorpromazine, but does not affect the silent HML and rDNA loci [19].
  • Lysis of pneumococci by the surfactant fraction appeared to be mediated by a detergent-like activation of pneumococcal autolysin, in that bacteriolysis was prevented by substitution of ethanolamine for choline in pneumococcal cell walls, and a pneumococcal transformant that lacked autolysin was not lysed [20].
  • On the other hand, pneumococcal cell wall, a major proinflammatory component, causes caspase-driven classical apoptosis that is mediated through TLR2 [21].
 

Anatomical context of Cell Wall

 

Associations of Cell Wall with chemical compounds

  • Cellulose is the major polysaccharide component of plant cell walls and is the most abundant organic compound on the planet [26].
  • EMB inhibits the polymerization of cell wall arabinan, and results in the accumulation of the lipid carrier decaprenol phosphoarabinose, which suggests that the drug interferes with the transfer of arabinose to the cell wall acceptor [27].
  • Vancomycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, inhibits the growth of cell walls by complex formation with peptides terminating in D-alanyl-D-alanine [28].
  • Ethambutol (EMB), a frontline antituberculous drug, targets the mycobacterial cell wall, a unique structure among prokaryotes which consists of an outer layer of mycolic acids covalently bound to peptidoglycan via the arabinogalactan [27].
  • It is known that cephalosporin antibiotics (for example, cephalothin (compound I, Table 2)) are acylating inhibitors of bacterial serine proteases which help synthesize the cell wall by performing a transpeptidation reaction on a peptidyl substrate bearing a D-Ala-D-Ala terminus [29].
 

Gene context of Cell Wall

  • CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial cell wall polymers stimulate IL-1 and IL-1ra expression in vivo and in vitro [30].
  • These suppression and synthetic lethal interactions, as well as reduced beta-glucan and mannan levels in the pkc1 null wall, support a role for the PKC1 pathway functioning in cell wall assembly [31].
  • We present evidence that cell wall defects activate RHO1 [32].
  • Because the presence of Chs1 in the cell abolishes lysis, it is concluded that damage to the cell wall is caused by excessive chitinase activity at acidic pH, which can normally be repaired through chitin synthesis by Chs1 [33].
  • We report that cell wall stress also induces a transient depolarized distribution of the cell wall biosynthetic enzyme glucan synthase FKS1 and its regulatory subunit RHO1, possibly as a mechanism to repair general cell wall damage [34].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Cell Wall

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