Disease relevance of Urethra

• Flexor reflex control of the external sphincter of the urethra in paraplegia [1].
• Although the male urethra is a proposed reservoir of HPV transmission, the association between HPV and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the male urethra has not been studied [2].
• In males, one of the most common GU malformations associated with loss of Hoxa13 function is hypospadia, a condition defined by the poor growth and closure of the urethra and glans penis [3].
• One wk after completion of FANFT administration, the suspension of 0.5 ml of Escherichia coli (06K13H1) was injected into the bladder through the urethra [4].
• The presence or absence of HPV 16 DNA defines two subsets of SCC of the male urethra which differ in the site of occurrence and, possibly, progression [2].

Psychiatry related information on Urethra

• Preventing urine consumption by ligating urethras of all pups in a litter doubled the plasma volume deficit in dams produced by 24 hr of water deprivation alone and led to increased isotonic saline, but not water, intakes following after water deprivation [5].

High impact information on Urethra

• At follow-up 6 months to 1 year postoperatively (mean 8 months) all had a good calibre urethra [6].
• During vitamin A deficiency, mouse urothelium form multiple keratinized foci in proximal urethra probably originating from scattered K14-positive basal cells, and the keratinized epithelium expands horizontally to replace the surrounding normal urothelium [7].
• Viral shedding from the pharynx, cervix, urethra, and urine were also shorter in acyclovir-treated patients [8].
• However, the closure defects of the distal urethra and glans can be attributed to a loss of apoptosis in the urethra, which is consistent with reduced Bmp7 expression in this region [3].
• The highly sensitive technique of polymerase chain reaction with type-specific HPV 16 and 18 primers and general primers, including nine other genotypes was used to survey a series of SCC of the male urethra for the prevalence of an association with HPV [2].

Chemical compound and disease context of Urethra

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an androgen-dependent disease; it originates exclusively in the inner prostate, which includes tissue surrounding the urethra [9].
• 6. In conclusion, smooth muscle cells of urethra exhibit STDs which are clustered rather than random events, and are the result of spontaneous Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and subsequent activation of Ca2+-activated chloride channels [10].
• The nonuniform distribution of estrogen-induced squamous metaplasia within the developing prostatic ductal system emphasizes a regional and age-dependent susceptibility to exogenous estrogens in proximal ductal areas (near the urethra) as compared with distal ductal regions of the developing human prostate [11].
• The present demonstration of specific progesterone receptors in the female urethra might provide a possible link between estrogen progesterone interaction and the appearance of urinary incontinence during pregnancy in women [12].
• The preferential anatomic site of lichen sclerosus was the foreskin, but other sites (glans and coronal sulcus) including urethra were also involved [13].

Biological context of Urethra

• We now show that cell surface molecules essential for proper axon pathfinding in the developing nervous system, namely ephrin-B2 and the ephrin receptors EphB2 and EphB3, also play major roles in cell adhesion events that tubularize the urethra and partition the urinary and alimentary tracts [14].
• To explore the mechanisms controlling androgen receptor expression, we examined the transcription initiation site of the rat androgen receptor gene in ventral prostate and in three compartments of the penis: the corpus, the urethra, and the glans penis [15].
• This finding suggests that a partial deficiency of 5alpha-reductase activity and inadequate levels of dihydrotestosterone in the fetal urethra may be sufficient to cause the phenotype of hypospadias without other clinical features of 5alpha-reductase deficiency [16].
• Muscarinic cholinergic and adrenergic agonist-induced changes in [3H]-phosphatidyl inositol (PI) hydrolysis and cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were measured in guinea pig ureter, urethra and bladder dome [17].
• Halofuginone at a concentration of 10-8 M. inhibited the collagen secreted by fibroblasts derived from the rat male urethra, which was due to inhibition of the collagen alpha1(I) gene expression [18].

Anatomical context of Urethra

• Norepinephrine (NE) contracts smooth muscle cells within the human lower urinary tract (LUT) (bladder neck, prostate, and urethra) [19].
• Neither 11 beta HSD2 nor MR proteins were expressed in the lacrimal gland, prostate, bile ducts, gall bladder, urinary bladder, urethra, or ureter [20].
• A dense network of NADPH diaphorase-positive fibres associated with both the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers of sheep urethra was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)[21]
• Progesterone on the other hand decreases tone in the ureter, bladder and urethra by enhancing beta-adrenergic responses [22].
• In the urinary tract, specific ER staining was confined to nuclei of the transitional epithelium (mucosa) and subjacent stroma (submucosa) of the prostatic urethra in the male dog and of the proximal urethra in the female dog [23].

Associations of Urethra with chemical compounds

• Formation of the male urethra requires the synthesis of testosterone, its activation to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in genital skin, and binding of DHT to the androgen receptor [24].
• The location of ER in the normal canine prostate and prostatic urethra is consistent with the location of histological changes induced by estrogen administration, indicating that these immunoreactive ER probably represent biologically functional receptors [23].
• The effects of oestrogens on spontaneous activity and responses to phenylephrine of the mammalian urethra [25].
• These results indicate that prostatic development and penile growth can be initiated over a wide time period, but that formation of a male urethra requires androgen action before d 70, when male penile differentiation begins [26].
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polyurethane-covered retrievable 0.10-mm-thick (n = 11) or 0.15-mm-thick (n = 10) nitinol wire stents were placed in the urethras of 20 dogs [27].

Gene context of Urethra

• RESULTS: CXCR4 and CCR3 coreceptors were expressed at significantly higher levels than CCR5 within the female endo- and ectocervix and distal end of the male urethra [28].
• We found expression of estrogen receptor mRNA in the reproductive tract, but also in the atrial wall, brain, kidney, urethra, bladder neck, mammary gland primordium, midgut, cartilage primordia and perichondria [29].
• Expression of the androgen receptor and 5 alpha-reductase type 2 in the developing human fetal penis and urethra [30].
• In the epithelium of the urinary bladder and urethra of both sexes, high level of ER beta mRNA and protein, but no ER alpha mRNA, was detected [31].
• In male urethra, PR was co-expressed with ERbeta in the rhabdosphincter [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Urethra

• The urethra also showed exaggerated constriction responses to i.a. and s.c. bethanechol [33].
• Similar to its effect on transmitter release in the bladder, botulinum toxin A inhibited norepinephrine release in the urethra at high (20 Hz.) but not at low (4 Hz.) electrical stimulation frequencies [34].
• 1. The effects of nifedipine on both levcromakalim-induced membrane currents and unitary currents in pig proximal urethra were investigated by use of patch-clamp techniques (conventional whole-cell configuration and cell-attached patches) [35].
• The sling was placed at the bulbar urethra and secured to 3 titanium bone screws anchored into the medial aspect of bilateral inferior pubic rami [36].
• After rhizotomy, noradrenaline content in the proximal urethra was significantly increased but there was no change in sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation [37].

References