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Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
Gene Review

PA  -  PA

Influenza B virus

 
 
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Disease relevance of PA

  • Although the protein coded for by RNA 3 of influenza C virus shows an approximate 25% sequence identity with the acid polymerase (PA) proteins of the A and B viruses, its sequence does not display any acid charge features at neutral pH [1].
  • Differences in the phylogenetic pathways of three polymerase genes were not only a reflection of genetic reassortment between co-circulating influenza B viruses, but also an indication that the polymerase genes were not co-evolving as a unit [2].
  • The PB1 protein of influenza C virus, coded for by segment 2, has an approximate 40% sequence identity with the corresponding proteins of influenza A and B viruses including the Asp-Asp sequence motif found in many RNA polymerase molecules [1].
  • All MAbs (13 specific for the PA polypeptide and 8 specific for the PB2 protein) reacted to the corresponding influenza virus protein in Western blotting (immunoblotting), immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assays [3].
  • Two panels of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the influenza A virus PA and PB2 polypeptides have been obtained from mice immunized with denatured proteins produced in Escherichia coli [3].
 

High impact information on PA

  • Most targets are constitutively expressed proteins that function in diverse cellular pathways, including RNA splicing, chromatin remodeling/polymerase II transcription, cytoskeleton organization and regulation, stress responses, and translation [4].
  • A detailed mutational analysis revealed that a combination of two sites in NP (A114 and H410) and one in PA (M431) controlled expression of ts, whereas these same changes plus two additional residues in M1 (Q159 and V183) controlled the att phenotype [5].
  • As a result, comparison of the phylogenetic patterns of the three polymerase genes with previously determined patterns of the HA, NP, M and NS genes of 18 viruses defined the existence of eight distinct genome constellations [2].
  • The three large RNA segments of influenza C virus C/JJ/50 were cloned and sequenced, and the deduced amino acid sequences were compared with those of the polymerase (P) proteins of influenza A and B viruses [1].
  • Reassortant SG3r was non-ts and virulent, indicating that mutation of the PA gene was sufficient for the reversion of the ts and attenuation phenotypes expressed by SG3rFL [6].
 

Biological context of PA

 

Anatomical context of PA

  • The dinucleotide A3'p5'G can be used as a primer for the viral RNA polymerase mediated RNA synthesis in a cell-free system [9].
 

Other interactions of PA

  • Dendrogram topologies of the PB2 and PB1 genes were very similar and contrasted with that of the PA gene [2].
  • The cross-type homology for the PA protein is similar to that of other non-polymerase proteins, but is substantially lower than that seen for the PB1 protein [7].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PA

References

  1. Comparison of the three large polymerase proteins of influenza A, B, and C viruses. Yamashita, M., Krystal, M., Palese, P. Virology (1989) [Pubmed]
  2. Phylogenetic analysis of the three polymerase genes (PB1, PB2 and PA) of influenza B virus. Hiromoto, Y., Saito, T., Lindstrom, S.E., Li, Y., Nerome, R., Sugita, S., Shinjoh, M., Nerome, K. J. Gen. Virol. (2000) [Pubmed]
  3. Monoclonal antibodies against influenza virus PB2 and NP polypeptides interfere with the initiation step of viral mRNA synthesis in vitro. Bárcena, J., Ochoa, M., de la Luna, S., Melero, J.A., Nieto, A., Ortín, J., Portela, A. J. Virol. (1994) [Pubmed]
  4. Human ISG15 conjugation targets both IFN-induced and constitutively expressed proteins functioning in diverse cellular pathways. Zhao, C., Denison, C., Huibregtse, J.M., Gygi, S., Krug, R.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2005) [Pubmed]
  5. Multiple gene segments control the temperature sensitivity and attenuation phenotypes of ca B/Ann Arbor/1/66. Hoffmann, E., Mahmood, K., Chen, Z., Yang, C.F., Spaete, J., Greenberg, H.B., Herlocher, M.L., Jin, H., Kemble, G. J. Virol. (2005) [Pubmed]
  6. A mutation in the PA protein gene of cold-adapted B/Ann Arbor/1/66 influenza virus associated with reversion of temperature sensitivity and attenuated virulence. Donabedian, A.M., DeBorde, D.C., Cook, S., Smitka, C.W., Maassab, H.F. Virology (1988) [Pubmed]
  7. Nucleotide sequences of the PA and PB1 genes of B/Ann Arbor/1/66 virus: comparison with genes of B/Lee/40 and type A influenza viruses. DeBorde, D.C., Naeve, C.W., Herlocher, M.L., Maassab, H.F. Virus Res. (1987) [Pubmed]
  8. Primary structure of the polymerase acidic (PA) gene of an influenza B virus (B/Sing/222/79). Akoto-Amanfu, E., Sivasubramanian, N., Nayak, D.P. Virology (1987) [Pubmed]
  9. Synthesis of adenylyl-(3'----5')-guanosine and some analogues as probes to explore the molecular mechanism of stimulation of influenza virus RNA polymerase. Heikkilä, J., Stridh, S., Oberg, B., Chattopadhyaya, J. Acta Chem. Scand., B, Org. Chem. Biochem. (1985) [Pubmed]
  10. The value of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of viral respiratory tract infections in lung transplant recipients. Weinberg, A., Zamora, M.R., Li, S., Torres, F., Hodges, T.N. J. Clin. Virol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  11. Influenza virus types and subtypes detection by single step single tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. Poddar, S.K. J. Virol. Methods (2002) [Pubmed]
 
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