Disease relevance of RNA Splicing

• Production of functional beta-galactosidase is dependent on RNA splicing in vivo in Escherichia coli [1].
• Cell-specific regulation of agrin RNA splicing in the chick ciliary ganglion [2].
• An RNA-splicing mutation (G+5IVS20) in the type II collagen gene (COL2A1) in a family with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita [3].
• The Lactococcus lactis Ll.LtrB group II intron encodes a reverse transcriptase (LtrA protein) that binds the intron RNA to promote RNA splicing and intron mobility [4].
• Our results suggest that HIV-1 RNA splicing is regulated by cellular factors that bind to positive and negative cis elements in tat exon 2 and tat-rev exon 3 [5].

High impact information on RNA Splicing

• Tissues of the blotchy mouse contained two larger sizes of MNK mRNA demonstrating a likely defect in RNA splicing [6].
• A genetic selection was devised to recover second-site mutations that bypass the requirement for MER1 in MER2 RNA-splicing [7].
• Defects in messenger RNA splicing were investigated by the detection of illegitimate transcription of the PTH gene in lymphoblastoid cells [8].
• Function of Neurospora mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase in RNA splicing requires an idiosyncratic domain not found in other synthetases [9].
• By site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that the 70K protein consists of 437 amino acids (52 kd), and found that its aberrant electrophoretic migration is due to a carboxy-terminal charged domain structurally similar to two Drosophila proteins (su(wa) and tra) that may regulate alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of RNA Splicing

• Impaired RNA splicing of 5'-regulatory sequences of the astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT2 in human astrocytoma [11].
• A single-base change at a splice acceptor site in the ornithine aminotransferase gene causes abnormal RNA splicing in gyrate atrophy [12].
• Nickel chloride treatment of NRK cells (termed 6m2 cells) infected with MuSVts110, a retrovirus conditionally defective in viral RNA splicing and cell transformation, caused the outgrowth of transformed "revertants" with changes in the MuSVts110 RNA splicing phenotype [13].

Biological context of RNA Splicing

• During pre-messenger RNA splicing the lariat branch point in mammalian introns is specified independently of the 3' splice site by the sequence surrounding the branch point and by an adjacent downstream polypyrimidine tract [14].
• Here we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomerase RNA has a 5'-2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (TMG) cap and a binding site for the Sm proteins, both hallmarks of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) that are involved in nuclear messenger RNA splicing [15].
• The splicing factor-associated protein, p32, regulates RNA splicing by inhibiting ASF/SF2 RNA binding and phosphorylation [16].
• These observations implicate developmentally coordinated differential RNA splicing in the regulation of neuron-specific gene expression and substantiate the correlation of synapsin gene expression with the period of synaptogenic differentiation of neurons [17].
• This point mutation completely abolishes normal RNA splicing at the exon 4/intron 4 boundary and results in the activation of a cryptic splice donor site in exon 4, which leads to the deletion of 123 nucleotides from the mRNA [18].

Anatomical context of RNA Splicing

• The large subunit of the human pre-messenger RNA splicing factor U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor (hU2AF65) is required for spliceosome assembly in vitro [19].
• CAF1, CAF2 and the previously described group II intron splicing factor CRS1 are characterized by similar repeated domains, which we name here the CRM (chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation) domains [20].
• Raver1 colocalizes with polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB)/hnRNPI, a protein involved in RNA splicing of microfilament proteins, in the perinucleolar compartment and forms complexes with PTB/hnRNPI [21].
• Most targets are constitutively expressed proteins that function in diverse cellular pathways, including RNA splicing, chromatin remodeling/polymerase II transcription, cytoskeleton organization and regulation, stress responses, and translation [22].
• Multiple RNA splicing pathways are thus operative in the protein 4.1 gene even within a single cell lineage, human erythroid cells [23].

Associations of RNA Splicing with chemical compounds

• Analysis of messenger RNA splicing in yeast and in metazoa has led to the identification of an RNA molecule in a lariat conformation [24].
• The basic chemistry involved in DNA recombination, RNA splicing and DNA transposition is a phosphoryl transfer reaction [25].
• To investigate whether glucose regulates insulin synthesis at the level of insulin RNA splicing, we developed a method to detect and quantify a small amount of RNA by using the branched DNA (bDNA) signal-amplification technique [26].
• Insulin RNA splicing rates were estimated from the rate of disappearance of insulin preRNA signal from beta cells treated with actinomycin D to block transcription [26].
• Intron-encoded proteins that also assist RNA splicing would facilitate both the transposition and horizontal transmission of introns [27].

Gene context of RNA Splicing

• Dominant mutations in the yeast nuclear gene NAM2 cure the RNA splicing deficiency resulting from the inactivation of the bI4 maturase encoded by the fourth intron of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene [28].
• Furthermore, analyses of mutant constructs of dsx showed that a portion of the female-specific exon sequence was required for regulation of dsx pre-messenger RNA splicing [29].
• The DED1 gene, which encodes a putative RNA helicase, has been implicated in nuclear pre-messenger RNA splicing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [30].
• Suppression of plasmid instability in hpr1Delta can also be achieved by high-copy expression of the RNA splicing factor SUB2, which has recently been proposed to function in mRNA export, in addition to its role in pre-mRNA splicing [31].
• This protein, encoded by the PET54 gene, controls expression of COX1 at the level of RNA splicing and COX3 at the level of mRNA translation [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of RNA Splicing

• Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNA splicing revealed a preponderance of unspliced CYBB transcripts in the patient's nuclear RNA [33].
• Sequence analysis demonstrated that the large transcript contained an unspliced intron, whereas the small transcript represents the mature mRNA, suggesting regulation of expression of the epsilon subunit via neuronally restricted RNA splicing [34].
• A combination of RNase H and S1 nuclease circumvents an artefact inherent to conventional S1 analysis of RNA splicing [35].
• Sequence alignments of NFI proteins from chicken and various mammalian species provide evidence for a common genetic equipment among higher eukaryotes, in which several related genes, employing each differential RNA splicing generate an unexpectedly large family of diverse NFI proteins [36].

References