Disease relevance of Viral Interference

• These observations indicate that viral interference with HIV occurs at the cell surface and involves a down-modulation of the CD4 molecule [1].
• A new provirus clone of feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which we named FeLV-A (Rickard) or FRA, was characterized with respect to viral interference group, host range, complete genome sequence, and in vivo pathogenicity in specific-pathogen-free newborn cats [2].
• Mechanisms of viral interference have not been characterized for human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPF3), and the possible role of the neuraminidase (receptor-destroying) enzyme of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein has not been assessed [3].

High impact information on Viral Interference

• MHC class I molecules that still load peptides without complexing to the TAP might be more resistant to viral interference of the PLC and less sensitive to competition for TAP by other class I allotypes [4].
• Viral interference with IL-1 and toll signaling [5].
• Membrane fractions from chick embryo cells manifesting viral interference mediated by interferon or poly(I)-poly(C) contain high levels of an alkaline ribonuclease [6].
• Reciprocal viral interference was noted between HCV and HBV after IFN-alpha/ribavirin therapy [7].
• The inhibition occurs with immediate-early-early kinetics, and viral interference with NF-kappaB signaling is likely to be at least partially responsible for the lack of CCR7 expression [8].

Biological context of Viral Interference

• The knowledge about viral interference with MHC class I antigen presentation is not only crucial to understand the pathogenesis of viral diseases, but contributes also to the design of novel strategies to counteract the escape mechanisms utilized by viruses [9].

Anatomical context of Viral Interference

• Resistance to ecotropic MuLVs appears to result from viral interference involving binding of the endogenously expressed Fv-4 env-encoded protein to the ecotropic receptor, although the immune system also plays a role in resistance [10].

Associations of Viral Interference with chemical compounds

• The presence of an ecotropic MuLV envelope-related glycoprotein in uninfected virus-resistant cells suggests that viral interference is a possible mechanism for this resistance [11].
• The responsible arachidonic acid product mediating suppression was found to be prostaglandin E2, suggesting that in addition to the direct viral interference cellular dysfunction is at least in part a result of altered cytokine regulation [12].
• To obtain basic biologic comparison between viral interference and interferon-induction by tilorone, the hamster cornea system was first studied to produce a mutual viral interference by double infection [13].

Gene context of Viral Interference

• These data indicate that F12-HIV homologous viral interference is the consequence of the synergistic anti-HIV effects of Gag, Vif, and Nef proteins [14].
• One gene correlated with the expression of an endogenous gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene and might act by viral interference [15].
• Nevertheless, the viral interference with MHC class I complex formation was still active [16].
• In principle, divergent views of interferon action may be reconciled to a common mode of action by postulating that viral interference results from a newly induced or activated RNase of cellular origin and proper specificity that acts to reduce the accumulation and functional capacity of newly synthesized viral RNAs, particularly mRNA [6].

References