High impact information on Body Patterning

• Here, we show that translation of osk mRNA is, and must be, repressed prior to its localization; absence of repression allows osk protein to accumulate throughout the oocyte, specifying posterior body patterning throughout the embryo [1].
• One determinant is the posterior body patterning morphogen nanos, and the other directs germ cell formation [2].
• To begin molecular analysis of the role of the engrailed gene in embryonic pattern formation, we used a chromosomal walk to clone genomic sequences that encompass the locus, and have physically mapped the positions of 15 engrailed mutations [3].
• A SMAD ubiquitin ligase targets the BMP pathway and affects embryonic pattern formation [4].
• In Drosophila, disturbing the expression of the homeobox gene caudal causes a severe disruption in body segmentation and global body patterning [5].

Biological context of Body Patterning

• We have analyzed ptc-1 by RNAi and mutational deletion and find that it is an essential gene, although the absence of ptc-1 has no detectable effect on body patterning or proliferation [6].
• Wnt signalling through beta-catenin plays a pivotal role during embryonic pattern formation, cell fate determination and tissue homeostasis in the adult organism [7].
• Drosophila virilis oskar transgenes direct body patterning but not pole cell formation or maintenance of mRNA localization in D. melanogaster [8].
• Like the GAGA factor and other members of this family, Psq is an important developmental regulator in Drosophila, having pleiotropic functions during oogenesis, embryonic pattern formation, and adult development [9].
• Analysis of the fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2 or bFGF) proteins during chicken embryonic pattern formation and organogenesis revealed that three isoforms (18.5, 20.0, and 21.5 kDa) were synthesized by alternative translation initiation from one coding region [10].

Anatomical context of Body Patterning

• Nodal and Cripto-1: embryonic pattern formation genes involved in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis [11].
• Throughout this type of gastrulation, the embryo develops characteristics such as the notochord and hollow nerve cord that commonly appear in chordates. beta-Catenin is an important factor in initiating body patterning [12].
• Two known mitogens for neural progenitors are the c-Myc oncoprotein and Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a crucial determinant of embryonic pattern formation in the central nervous system [13].

Associations of Body Patterning with chemical compounds

• Retinoic acid (RA) is thought to play a role in embryonic pattern formation in vertebrates [14].
• Auxin distribution and transport during embryonic pattern formation in wheat [15].
• BACKGROUND: Members of the Eph family of tyrosine kinases have been implicated in embryonic pattern formation and vascular development; however, little is known about their role in the adult organism [16].
• Retinoid signalling plays an important role in embryonic pattern formation [17].

Gene context of Body Patterning

• The strong expression of the cct3 mRNA started in the entire embryos by 12 hpf and was sustained thereafter, but there were no detectable abnormalities in body patterning and neurogenesis in ntn mutant embryos at 30 hpf [18].
• Murine hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 beta (HNF-3 beta) protein is a member of a large family of developmentally regulated transcription factors that share homology in the winged helix/fork head DNA binding domain and that participate in embryonic pattern formation [19].
• The Drosophila homologue of Wnt-1, wingless, is a segment polarity gene that regulates body patterning of the fly embryo [20].
• Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the avian embryo induces hypervascularization and increased vascular permeability without alterations of embryonic pattern formation [21].
• To begin to ask how highly conserved are the mechanisms of mRNA localization, a process crucial to Drosophila body patterning, we have focused on the localization of bcd mRNA to the anterior pole of the embryo [22].

References