Disease relevance of Protopanaxatriol

• It is found that the central structures of ginsenosides, either protopanaxadiol or protopanaxatriol, play a prooxidative role in AAPH-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes [1].
• Prevention of growth and metastasis of murine melanoma through enhanced natural-killer cytotoxicity by fatty acid-conjugate of protopanaxatriol [2].
• This study investigated the effect that some polyacetylenes and protopanaxatriol, which were isolated from heated ginseng (family Araliaceae), have on inhibiting Helicobacter pylori (HP) growth [3].
• These results indicate that PT ginsenosides of Panax ginseng might be the main active components for the attenuation of experimentally CRD-acetic acid-induced visceral hypersensitivity, and may be clinically relevant for the future treatment of IBS [4].

High impact information on Protopanaxatriol

• We reported previously that the protopanaxatriol saponins in Panax ginseng greatly reduce the secretion of catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh) [5].
• Regioselective enzymatic glycosylation of natural polyhydroxylated compounds: galactosylation and glucosylation of protopanaxatriol ginsenosides [6].
• Adjuvant effects of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponins from ginseng roots on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice [7].
• Seven protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides and their aglycones including PPT, PT, -Re, -Rg (1), -F (1), -Rh (1), 20(R)-Rh (1) which are closely related in structure were studied for their effects on type 1 and type 2 cytokines production from murine splenocytes and their related mechanisms were examined [8].
• Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by protopanaxatriol ginsenosides from Korean red ginseng [9].

Biological context of Protopanaxatriol

• It was shown that two hydrolysis products of the protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, namely G-Rh1 and G-F1 may reach the systemic circulation [10].
• It can be concluded from these studies that the presence of sugars in PD and PT aglycone structures reduces the potency to induce apoptosis, and alternately alter membrane integrity [11].
• In addition, the EGF-induced increase of c-fos and c-jun gene expression was completely blocked by total ginsenosides and partially by PT and PD saponins [12].
• This study investigated the effect of total ginsenosides, protopanaxatriol (PT) saponin, and protopanaxadiol (PD) saponin fraction on epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced renal cell proliferation and, furthermore, c-fos and c-jun gene expression [12].

Anatomical context of Protopanaxatriol

• Ginsenoside 20S-protopanaxatriol (PPT) activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [13].
• Both ginseng total saponins (GTS) and one of its constituents, protopanaxatriol saponins (PT), inhibited the electrically evoked contractions of guinea-pig ileum (GPI) in a concentration dependent manner in a range of 1-100 micrograms/ml, and this effect was irreversible at high concentrations of the saponins [14].

Associations of Protopanaxatriol with other chemical compounds

• After 48 and 72 h, Rh2, Rh1, and dexamethasone similarly increased apoptosis, but these effects were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those observed for both PD and PT treatments [11].
• The contents of five ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc and Rd) were measured in American ginseng roots collected from 10 populations grown in Maryland. Ginsenoside contents and compositions varied significantly among populations and protopanaxatriol (Rg1 and Re) ginsenosides were inversely correlated within root samples and among populations [15].

Gene context of Protopanaxatriol

• During investigations on the hydrolysis of a protopanaxatriol-type saponin mixture by various glycoside hydrolases, it was found that two minor saponins, ginsenosides Rg 2 and Rh 1, were formed in high yields by crude beta-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae and crude lactase from Penicillium sp., respectively [16].
• Most protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides and some protopanaxatriol-type saponins also showed significant effects on PTK activation [17].
• These experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1, major components of the protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol fractions of ginseng saponin, on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place-preference [18].
• GTS and PT caused a dose-dependent inhibition of BaCl2-induced contraction of GPI [14].
• No difference in the suppressive action between protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rc, Rd) and protopanaxatriol (Rg1, Rg2, Re, Rh1) saponins was shown; the slope of fEPSPs was reduced by 38% and 40% on average, respectively [19].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Protopanaxatriol

• HPLC analysis of saponins extracted from the adventitious roots indicated that several protopanaxatriol saponins were present but ginsenoside Rd was missing, compared with the saponins extracted from the raw herbs [20].

References