Disease relevance of Ileum

• CONCLUSIONS: In patients with active Crohn's disease affecting the ileum, the ascending colon, or both, a controlled-ileal-release formulation of budesonide was more effective in inducing remission than a slow-release formulation of mesalamine [1].
• Finally, the antihistamine effect of the heme protein was demonstrated by its inhibition of the histamine-provoked contractures of the guinea pig ileum [2].
• To determine the contribution of the colon in Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin-mediated diarrheal disease, toxin binding, guanyl cyclase activation, and toxin-induced water flux in the rat colon and ileum were compared [3].
• Substance P activation of enteric neurons in response to intraluminal Clostridium difficile toxin A in the rat ileum [4].
• The tissue content of noradrenaline in the celiac ganglion, which projects to the ileum, was increased at 8-week diabetes compared with both weight-restricted and untreated controls, whereas the diabetic state had no effect on the levels of noradrenaline of the inferior mesenteric ganglion, which projects to the distal colon [5].

Psychiatry related information on Ileum

• We found that incubation of the ileum with adenosine, or with the more potent derivative, 2-chloroadenosine, induced a novel form of drug dependence, made manifest by withdrawal of inducing drug, but not by antagonists of opiates or clonidine [6].
• It was proposed that bile delivery into the distal ileum would inhibit ileal motor activity, by peptide YY (PYY) release and therefore the effect of luminal bile on motor activity was examined and PYY release measured [7].
• Since clonidine dependence may be induced as rapidly as opiate dependence in the ileum and the pharmacology of the withdrawal responses is similar, it is suggested that they both induce the same post-receptor neuronal feedback disturbance in which substance P neurones play a major role [8].
• In the suckling, gastric luminal proteolytic activity was minimal in both fed and food-deprived animals; jejunal and midjejunal proteolysis was not significantly affected by food deprivation, but the hydrolytic capacity of fluid from the ileum was reduced to 20% of that of fed animals [9].
• Morphine dependence in the isolated guinea-pig ileum and its modification by p-chlorophenylalanine [10].

High impact information on Ileum

• The isolated homeobox gene Enx (Hox11L1) is expressed in enteric neurons innervating distal ileum, and proximal and distal colon [11].
• In peripheral tissues, the highest concentration of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity is found in the ileum, where it is present in endocrine-like cells and nerve fibres [12].
• A comparable, but distinct dependence can be induced by incubating the ileum with clonidine [6].
• To demonstrate dependence, we challenged the ileum by removing drug or by adding the selective purine receptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline, which does not substantially inhibit phosphodiesterase, or caffeine [6].
• Immunohistochemical studies indicate an exceedingly dense network of SP-containing nerves within the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Ileum

• In the orally fed jejunectomized dogs, the ileum became dialed with mucosal hyperplasia, the villus height increased from 796 +/- SEM 26 mum to 1102 +/- 28 mum (P less than 0.001), and there was a corresponding increase in glucose absorption in vivo (milligrams -centimeter of intestine -1min-1) from 5.3 +/- 1.2 to 10.1 +/-1 [14].
• Hepatic metabolism of cholesterol in Crohn's disease. Effect of partial resection of ileum [15].
• The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Clostridium difficile toxin A and cholera toxin on fluid secretion, intestinal permeability, and arachidonate metabolites in rabbit ileum [16].
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: The NOD2 gene, which is strongly associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD) of the terminal ileum, interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inducing cellular activation [17].
• CONCLUSIONS: Metronidazole therapy for 3 months decreases the severity of early recurrence of Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum after resection and seems to delay symptomatic recurrence [18].

Biological context of Ileum

• The kinetics and rates of Mg absorption in the ileum were comparable to those in the jejunum, with the exception that at higher luminal concentrations the ileal absorptive process was fully saturated [19].
• The purpose of these investigations was to determine the effect of adenosine on ion transport in rabbit ileum in vitro [20].
• Structure-activity relationships of somatostatin analogs in the rabbit ileum and the rat colon [21].
• The propulsive efficiency (i.e., number of peristalses and total amount of fluid ejected per unit of time) of isolated segments of ileum was enhanced by cisapride (100 nM to 3 microM) [22].
• In this study, the levels of glucagon gene expression in the rat ileum both after massive small bowel resection and during development are examined [23].

Anatomical context of Ileum

• In chronically diabetic rats, the Isc response to tyramine was significantly decreased in ileum, but not in jejunum [24].
• Enterocytes were sequentially isolated from jejunum and ileum of normal fed rats, streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with insulin [25].
• The kinin-generating activity of kallikrein acting upon kininogen substrates was also inhibited by amiloride, as measured by bioassay in the rat uterus of guinea pig ileum or by radioimmunoassay of liberated kinins (ID50 = 85 microM) [26].
• This study demonstrates the presence of oxalate transporters on the brush border membrane of rabbit ileum [27].
• Membrane distribution of sodium-hydrogen and chloride-bicarbonate exchangers in crypt and villus cell membranes from rabbit ileum [28].

Associations of Ileum with chemical compounds

• An unusual benzazocine elicits acetylcholine release in the isolated guinea pig ileum [29].
• Functional roles of luminal sodium and potassium in water transport across desert scorpion ileum [30].
• Bee venom and phospholipase A2 extracted from bee venom enhanced guanylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.2) activity two- to threefold in rat liver, lung, heart, kidney, ileum, and cerebellum [31].
• The calcium dependence of these serotonin effects was associated with increased uptake of 45Ca into rabbit ileum, including increaed 45Ca uptake from the serosal surface [32].
• The enterotoxin also produced a significant depression of xylose absorption in both the jejunum and ileum but did not affect the absorption of either glucose or L-leucine [33].

Gene context of Ileum

• Growth retardation, duodenal lesions, and aberrant ileum architecture in triple null mice lacking EGF, amphiregulin, and TGF-alpha [34].
• RESULTS: In ileum, active total Akt was present most in the villi and basal layer of the crypts, and Akt2 was mostly in villi [35].
• COX-2 was undetectable in normal ileum or colon, but it was induced in apical epithelial cells of inflamed foci in IBD [36].
• The stomach and the colon showed high carbonic anhydrase activity, the jejunum had intermediate activity, and the ileum had low activity [37].
• Transferrin receptors were evident in the villous epithelium and the crypt areas of duodenum, ileum, and colon, predominantly in the basal-lateral area [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Ileum

• Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the size of the ASBT transcript was identical in NRC, freshly isolated cholangiocytes, and terminal ileum [39].
• Nuclease protection assays demonstrated highest expression of EP1 mRNA in kidney, followed by stomach, adrenal, and ileum [40].
• The effect of 12.5 mM magnesium chloride on sodium transport in the human ileum in vivo was investigated using segmental perfusion [41].
• Electrical stimulation of the mucosal innervation of the guinea pig ileum results in an increase in chloride secretion that is mediated in part by excitation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors on enterocytes [42].
• The distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P-like immunoreactivities was studied by immunohistochemistry in the myenteric plexus and circular muscle layer of the ileum and proximal colon of rats 8 wk after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin [43].

References