Disease relevance of galactopyranoside

• Four of six human monoclonal IgM proteins were found to react best with Klebsiella polysaccharides containing 3,4py beta DGal (pyruvic acetalated D-galactopyranose), one with Klebsiella polysaccharides with 4,6pyDGlc; the sixth is uncharacterized [1].
• In contrast, each strain was recognized by the Gal- and GalNAc-reactive lectins of Actinomyces spp., but only strains 38 and 34 were recognized by GalNAc-sensitive lectins of other streptococci [2].
• The fei genes were found to be located close to the galactose operon (gal) between the position 17 and 21 of the E. coli chromosomal linkage map [3].

High impact information on galactopyranoside

• This Gal/GalNAc-inhibitable lectin has been shown previously to mediate adherence of E. histolytica to mammalian epithelial cells [4].
• The PAP cDNA was placed under control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae [5].
• GT-Ko mice tolerized to Gal-expressing C3H hearts and IAB plus transient anti-CD40L therapy were challenged with pig kidney membranes that express high levels of Gal [6].
• In this study, we take advantage of the ability of galactosyltransferase-deficient knockout (GT-Ko) mice to respond to the carbohydrate epitope, galactose-alpha1,3-galactose (Gal), to investigate whether IAB plus transient anti-CD40L therapy directly tolerize B cell responses [6].
• Cell growth is inhibited when PAP cDNA is expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter [7].

Biological context of galactopyranoside

• With binding site residues and the bound modified sugars in nearly identical positions as found in the complex with Gal, the binding of 1-deoxy-Gal or 2-deoxy-Gal reflects the overall contribution of 1.8 kcal mol-1 per hydrogen bond (neutral-charge type) to the affinity of Gal [8].
• A small proportion of nonreducing end units of D-galactopyranose were also present in this polysaccharide. gp55 is a glycoprotein containing a complex carbohydrate moiety with fucose, mannose, galactose, and glucose, either as terminal nonreducing units or substituted in positions indicated by methylation data [9].
• D-(+)-galactosamine, D-(+)-glucosamine, D-(+)-galactose, obtained by hydrolysis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and D-(+)-glucose and D-(+)-mannose is described [10].

Anatomical context of galactopyranoside

• Concanavalin A-induced actin filament disruption and procollagenase IV activation can be blocked by alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside but not by D(+)-galactose [11].
• Without galactosyltransferase (GT) treatment, labeling for galactose (gal) was limited to the trans region of rat and pig hepatocyte Golgi apparatus [12].

Associations of galactopyranoside with other chemical compounds

• Of the 35 amino acids in the TM1O region, only 12 differ between Ga12 and Hxt2, indicating that these 12 amino acids include the critical residue(s) responsible for the differential recognition of galactose and glucose in these transporters [13].
• The higher binding affinity of GalNAc over Gal to SBA is due to additional hydrophobic interactions with Tyr107 rather than a hydrogen bond between N-acetamide group of the sugar and the side chain of Asp88 as suggested from X-ray crystal structure studies [14].
• The hydrogen bonding scheme, predicted from the homology model, shows that the invariant residues i.e. Asp, Gly, Asn, and aromatic residues (Phe) found in all other legume lectins, bind Gal, slightly in a different way than reported in X-ray structure of SBA-pentasaccharide complex [14].

Gene context of galactopyranoside

• Attachment of the ASG receptor-directed agents was competitively blocked with a receptor agonist (D(+)-galactose) in these tissues [15].

References