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Chemical Compound Review

dextrose     (3R,4S,5S,6R)-6- (hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4...

Synonyms: Glucodin, Meritose, glucose, Glucan, tester, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of Blood sugar

 

Psychiatry related information on Blood sugar

 

High impact information on Blood sugar

  • The adhesin, encoded by the EPA1 gene, is likely a glucan-cross-linked cell-wall protein and binds to host-cell carbohydrate, specifically recognizing asialo-lactosyl-containing carbohydrates [6].
  • Microfibril crystallization may require proper assembly of the RSW1 gene product into synthase complexes whereas glucan biosynthesis per se does not [7].
  • Temperature-sensitive mutants in the essential Rho-type guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), Rho1p, displayed thermolabile glucan synthase activity, which was restored by the addition of recombinant Rho1p [8].
  • Glucan is a potent reticuloendothelial stimulant whose immunobiological activity is mediated, in part, by an increase in the number and function of macrophages [2].
  • After intravenous administration of glucan, serum lysozyme concentrations were increased approximately sevenfold over control concentrations [2].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Blood sugar

  • Dose, route, and time dependence of serum lysozyme and antitumor activity following administration of glucan, Corynebacterium parvum, pyran, or lipopolysaccharide to mice [9].
  • Differences in the recognition of glucan elicitor signals between rice and soybean: beta-glucan fragments from the rice blast disease fungus Pyricularia oryzae that elicit phytoalexin biosynthesis in suspension-cultured rice cells [10].
  • An enzyme system catalyzing the synthesis of the (beta 1-2)-linked glucan backbone of E. coli membrane-derived oligosaccharides from UDP-glucose requires both a membrane component and a cytosolic protein termed transglucosylation factor [11].
  • In vitro studies revealed that Kupffer cell tumoricidal activity against sarcoma was increased (p less than 0.05) following glucan and cyclophosphamide [12].
  • We compared the effects of an 8-hr intravenous naloxone infusion (6 micrograms/kg/hr) or 5% dextrose in water (D5/W) begun 2 hr before single oral doses of clonidine (0.3 mg) in six men with mild to moderate essential hypertension (EHT) [13].
 

Biological context of Blood sugar

  • The increase in serum lysozyme appeared to parallel the glucan-induced increase in phagocytosis and induced hyperplasia of macrophages [2].
  • We describe new components of a calcineurin-mediated response in yeast, the Ca2+-induced transcriptional activation of FKS2, which encodes a beta-1,3 glucan synthase [14].
  • We have isolated mok1(+) in a genetic screen to identify downstream effectors for Pck1/2. mok1(+) is essential for viability and encodes a protein that has several membrane-spanning domains and regions homologous to glucan metabolic enzymes. mok1 mutant shows abnormal cell shape, randomization of F-actin and weak cell wall [15].
  • Developing zpu1-204 endosperm accumulates branched maltooligosaccharides not found in the wild type and is deficient in linear maltooligosaccharides, indicating that the pullulanase-type DBE functions in glucan hydrolysis during kernel starch formation [16].
  • Virulence genes associated with extracellular adherent glucan production, adhesins, acid tolerance, proteases, and putative hemolysins have been identified [17].
 

Anatomical context of Blood sugar

  • The appearance of transition forms between monocytes and Kupffer cells in the liver of rats treated with glucan. A cytochemical and ultrastructural study [18].
  • By immunoblot analysis, U937 cell glucan-binding proteins from detergent lysates contained two cell proteins antigenic for the anti-Id that were indistinguishable from affinity-purified molecules in size and subunit composition [19].
  • A massive accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes in the rat liver was found after the injection of glucan, a beta-1,3-polyglucose [18].
  • Adherence of glucan-positive and glucan-negative streptococcal strains to normal and damaged heart valves [20].
  • These data indicate that the heteromultimeric isoamylase functions during starch synthesis to suppress the initiation of glucan molecules in the plastid stroma that would otherwise crystallize to nucleate new starch granules [21].
 

Associations of Blood sugar with other chemical compounds

 

Gene context of Blood sugar

  • We report that cell wall stress also induces a transient depolarized distribution of the cell wall biosynthetic enzyme glucan synthase FKS1 and its regulatory subunit RHO1, possibly as a mechanism to repair general cell wall damage [27].
  • We have recently shown that Pkc1p, a yeast homolog of mammalian protein kinase C, and glucan synthase are targets of Rho1p [28].
  • Consistent with their direct role in the assembly of this polymer, both Kre6p and Skn1p possess COOH-terminal domains with significant sequence similarity to two recently identified glucan-binding proteins [29].
  • Mutants defective in chitin synthase III are resistant to Calcofluor and Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin, they lack alkali-insoluble glucan, and under certain circumstances, they are temperature-sensitive for growth [30].
  • Yeast beta-glucan synthesis: KRE6 encodes a predicted type II membrane protein required for glucan synthesis in vivo and for glucan synthase activity in vitro [31].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Blood sugar

  • Calcofluor alters cellulose crystallization by hydrogen bonding with glucan chains [32].
  • The residual activity present in the disruption mutant, the nonessential nature of the gene, and results of Southern blot hybridization analysis point to the existence of a glucan synthase isozyme [33].
  • By Day 36 postchallenge, the glucan-treated group, when compared to the control group, showed a marked decrease in hepatic metastases, both grossly and histopathologically [34].
  • The mechanism of action of this glucan was considered to be host mediated because of a lack of effect in vitro and also because of the effectiveness of pretreatment of animals by injection before transplantation of a tumor [35].
  • Tannic acid staining and in situ immunolocalisation revealed that cell isolation was due to the activation of glucan synthase complexes intrinsic to sphincters [36].

References

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  2. Increased resistance to Staphylococcus aureus infection and enhancement in serum lysozyme activity by glucan. Kokoshis, P.L., Williams, D.L., Cook, J.A., Di Luzio, N.R. Science (1978) [Pubmed]
  3. Glucan-induced modification of murine viral hepatitis. Williams, D.L., Di Luzio, N.R. Science (1980) [Pubmed]
  4. Change of biological activities of (1----3)-beta-D-glucan from Grifola frondosa upon molecular weight reduction by heat treatment. Adachi, Y., Ohno, N., Ohsawa, M., Oikawa, S., Yadomae, T. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1990) [Pubmed]
  5. Delivering patient education for people with diabetes. Hill, J. Nursing times (2007) [Pubmed]
  6. An adhesin of the yeast pathogen Candida glabrata mediating adherence to human epithelial cells. Cormack, B.P., Ghori, N., Falkow, S. Science (1999) [Pubmed]
  7. Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Arioli, T., Peng, L., Betzner, A.S., Burn, J., Wittke, W., Herth, W., Camilleri, C., Höfte, H., Plazinski, J., Birch, R., Cork, A., Glover, J., Redmond, J., Williamson, R.E. Science (1998) [Pubmed]
  8. Identification of yeast Rho1p GTPase as a regulatory subunit of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase. Qadota, H., Python, C.P., Inoue, S.B., Arisawa, M., Anraku, Y., Zheng, Y., Watanabe, T., Levin, D.E., Ohya, Y. Science (1996) [Pubmed]
  9. Dose, route, and time dependence of serum lysozyme and antitumor activity following administration of glucan, Corynebacterium parvum, pyran, or lipopolysaccharide to mice. Gorecka-Tisera, A., Proctor, J.W., Yamamura, Y., Harnaha, J., Meinert, K. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1981) [Pubmed]
  10. Differences in the recognition of glucan elicitor signals between rice and soybean: beta-glucan fragments from the rice blast disease fungus Pyricularia oryzae that elicit phytoalexin biosynthesis in suspension-cultured rice cells. Yamaguchi, T., Yamada, A., Hong, N., Ogawa, T., Ishii, T., Shibuya, N. Plant Cell (2000) [Pubmed]
  11. An essential function for acyl carrier protein in the biosynthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli. Therisod, H., Weissborn, A.C., Kennedy, E.P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1986) [Pubmed]
  12. Chemoimmunotherapy of experimental hepatic metastases. Williams, D.L., Sherwood, E.R., McNamee, R.B., Jones, E.L., Browder, I.W., Di Luzio, N.R. Hepatology (1987) [Pubmed]
  13. Naloxone does not antagonize the antihypertensive effect of clonidine in essential hypertension. Rogers, J.F., Cubeddu, L.X. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1983) [Pubmed]
  14. Calcineurin acts through the CRZ1/TCN1-encoded transcription factor to regulate gene expression in yeast. Stathopoulos, A.M., Cyert, M.S. Genes Dev. (1997) [Pubmed]
  15. Fission yeast alpha-glucan synthase Mok1 requires the actin cytoskeleton to localize the sites of growth and plays an essential role in cell morphogenesis downstream of protein kinase C function. Katayama, S., Hirata, D., Arellano, M., Pérez, P., Toda, T. J. Cell Biol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  16. Mutational analysis of the pullulanase-type debranching enzyme of maize indicates multiple functions in starch metabolism. Dinges, J.R., Colleoni, C., James, M.G., Myers, A.M. Plant Cell (2003) [Pubmed]
  17. Genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159, a cariogenic dental pathogen. Ajdić, D., McShan, W.M., McLaughlin, R.E., Savić, G., Chang, J., Carson, M.B., Primeaux, C., Tian, R., Kenton, S., Jia, H., Lin, S., Qian, Y., Li, S., Zhu, H., Najar, F., Lai, H., White, J., Roe, B.A., Ferretti, J.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2002) [Pubmed]
  18. The appearance of transition forms between monocytes and Kupffer cells in the liver of rats treated with glucan. A cytochemical and ultrastructural study. Deimann, W., Fahimi, H.D. J. Exp. Med. (1979) [Pubmed]
  19. Isolation and characterization of beta-glucan receptors on human mononuclear phagocytes. Czop, J.K., Kay, J. J. Exp. Med. (1991) [Pubmed]
  20. Adherence of glucan-positive and glucan-negative streptococcal strains to normal and damaged heart valves. Ramirez-Ronda, C.H. J. Clin. Invest. (1978) [Pubmed]
  21. Starch granule initiation is controlled by a heteromultimeric isoamylase in potato tubers. Bustos, R., Fahy, B., Hylton, C.M., Seale, R., Nebane, N.M., Edwards, A., Martin, C., Smith, A.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2004) [Pubmed]
  22. Generation of leukotrienes by human monocytes upon stimulation of their beta-glucan receptor during phagocytosis. Czop, J.K., Austen, K.F. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1985) [Pubmed]
  23. An Arabidopsis gene encoding an alpha-xylosyltransferase involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis. Faik, A., Price, N.J., Raikhel, N.V., Keegstra, K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2002) [Pubmed]
  24. Regulation of the C/EBP-related gene gadd153 by glucose deprivation. Carlson, S.G., Fawcett, T.W., Bartlett, J.D., Bernier, M., Holbrook, N.J. Mol. Cell. Biol. (1993) [Pubmed]
  25. Association of macrophage activation with antitumor activity by synthetic and biological agents. Schultz, R.M., Papamatheakis, J.D., Luetzeler, J., Chirigos, M.A. Cancer Res. (1977) [Pubmed]
  26. Modification of galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats by reticuloendothelial system stimulation or depression. Al-Tuwaijri, A., Akdamar, K., Di Luzio, N.R. Hepatology (1981) [Pubmed]
  27. Cell wall stress depolarizes cell growth via hyperactivation of RHO1. Delley, P.A., Hall, M.N. J. Cell Biol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  28. Bni1p implicated in cytoskeletal control is a putative target of Rho1p small GTP binding protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kohno, H., Tanaka, K., Mino, A., Umikawa, M., Imamura, H., Fujiwara, T., Fujita, Y., Hotta, K., Qadota, H., Watanabe, T., Ohya, Y., Takai, Y. EMBO J. (1996) [Pubmed]
  29. Characterization of the yeast (1-->6)-beta-glucan biosynthetic components, Kre6p and Skn1p, and genetic interactions between the PKC1 pathway and extracellular matrix assembly. Roemer, T., Paravicini, G., Payton, M.A., Bussey, H. J. Cell Biol. (1994) [Pubmed]
  30. Genetics and molecular biology of chitin synthesis in fungi. Bulawa, C.E. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. (1993) [Pubmed]
  31. Yeast beta-glucan synthesis: KRE6 encodes a predicted type II membrane protein required for glucan synthesis in vivo and for glucan synthase activity in vitro. Roemer, T., Bussey, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1991) [Pubmed]
  32. Calcofluor white ST Alters the in vivo assembly of cellulose microfibrils. Haigler, C.H., Brown, R.M., Benziman, M. Science (1980) [Pubmed]
  33. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKS1 (ETG1) gene encodes an integral membrane protein which is a subunit of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase. Douglas, C.M., Foor, F., Marrinan, J.A., Morin, N., Nielsen, J.B., Dahl, A.M., Mazur, P., Baginsky, W., Li, W., el-Sherbeini, M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1994) [Pubmed]
  34. Therapeutic efficacy of glucan in a murine model of hepatic metastatic disease. Williams, D.L., Sherwood, E.R., McNamee, R.B., Jones, E.L., Di Luzio, N.R. Hepatology (1985) [Pubmed]
  35. Dependence on chain length of antitumor activity of (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucan from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes, IFO 13140, and its acid-degraded products. Sasaki, T., Abiko, N., Sugino, Y., Nitta, K. Cancer Res. (1978) [Pubmed]
  36. Symplasmic fields in the tunica of the shoot apical meristem coordinate morphogenetic events. Rinne, P.L., van der Schoot, C. Development (1998) [Pubmed]
 
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