Disease relevance of Numoquin hydrochloride

• Optochin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae [1].
• The conflicting observations could be explained by our finding that the reportedly serotype 4 zmpB 'mutant' differed from its S. pneumoniae parent in lacking capsule and in exhibiting characteristic traits of the Streptococcus viridans group, including resistance to optochin [2].
• Interest first arose during an epidemic among South African gold miners when a potential therapeutic agent, ethylhydrocupreine, caused significant toxicities [3].

High impact information on Numoquin hydrochloride

• Sequence analysis and transformation experiments showed that the atpC gene is responsible for the optochin-sensitive resistant (OptS/OptR) phenotype [4].
• Molecular basis of the optochin-sensitive phenotype of pneumococcus: characterization of the genes encoding the F0 complex of the Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus oralis H(+)-ATPases [4].
• Analysis of the atpCAB region, which encodes the c, a, and b subunits of the F(0)F(1) H(+)-ATPase, the target of optochin, revealed high degrees of similarity between S. mitis 1162/99 and S. pneumoniae in atpC, atpA, and the N terminus of atpB [5].
• The determination of the partial nucleotide sequence embracing the atp operon encoding the F(o)F(1) H(+)-ATPase indicated that the optochin susceptibility of the isolates was due to the acquisition of atpC, atpA, and part of atpB from S. pneumoniae by horizontal gene transfer [6].
• We found the psaA-specific PCR to be the genotypic technique best suited for the identification of genuine pneumococci and optochin-resistant pneumococci [7].

Biological context of Numoquin hydrochloride

• The gene responsible for the optochin-sensitive (OptS) phenotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been characterized [4].
• In colonization studies, if classic criteria (optochin disc zone and bile solubility) are the sole means of identification, S. pneumoniae penicillin resistance rates may be over-reported [8].
• In most clinical microbiology laboratories optochin susceptibility is used in the screening and identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae [9].
• The Quellung reaction was performed on the 83 capsular types of S. pneumoniae and on the clinical isolates that produced serological cross reactions with the three serological tests and those that were bile-soluble and optochin-sensitive [10].
• Optochin sensitivity is encoded by the atpC gene of the Streptococcus pneumonia atp (F0F1 H(+)-ATPase) operon [11].

Anatomical context of Numoquin hydrochloride

• Optochin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from blood and middle ear fluid [12].

Associations of Numoquin hydrochloride with other chemical compounds

• The optochin disk test and the latex agglutination test both exhibited a 100% sensitivity and specificity for Group I isolates; bile solubility identified all but 1 isolate in this group [13].
• We compared the PCR results with laboratory tests that included optochin (ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride) sensitivity, bile solubility, the Quellung reaction, and AccuProbe (Gen-Probe Inc., San Diego, CA) [14].
• Serotype 6B, 9V, 19A, and 23F strains were made streptomycin resistant, and serotype 4, 6A, 14, 18C, and 19F strains were made optochin resistant [15].

Gene context of Numoquin hydrochloride

• A novel mutation in the alpha-helix 1 of the C subunit of the F(1)/F(0) ATPase responsible for optochin resistance of a Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolate [16].
• However, it was initially identified as a pneumococcus by a 16S RNA gene probe (Gen-Probe), optochin susceptibility and the presence of pneumolysin and autolysin [17].
• We also demonstrate that optochin, quinine, and related compounds specifically inhibited the membrane-bound ATPase activity [18].
• The identification methods included bile solubility, optochin sensitivity, countercurrent-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), and coagglutination (CoA) using laboratory-prepared reagents (LPR) and the Phadebact Pneumococcus Test (Phadebact) [10].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Numoquin hydrochloride

• Resistant isolates consisted of bile-soluble optochin-susceptible and optochin-resistant subpopulations with identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, capsular types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles [9].
• Equivocal optochin disk test results should be confirmed by bile solubility, agglutination tests, or both [19].
• Selected isolates of suspected pneumococci, sent for confirmation of identification and for serotyping, were classified into four groups based on their optochin sensitivity and capsule reaction [20].

References