Disease relevance of Cross Reactions

• A strong immunological cross-reaction between a major glycolipid antigen of Chlamydia and the innermost (Re) core of the lipopolysaccharide of enteric bacteria was demonstrated with the aid of mutants in which the Re structure is exposed [1].
• Antibody cross-reactions with lipopolysaccharide from E. coli O157 after cholera vaccination [2].
• The immunological cross-reaction between acetylcholine receptor and thymic components may explain the association between endplate and thymus disorders in myasthenia gravis [3].
• To exclude the possibility of a cross-reaction with GPIIb-IIIa, platelets from a patient with type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (which completely lack GPIIb-IIIa) were studied and showed a similar subcellular distribution of CD36, including alpha-granule membrane labeling [4].
• Sera positive for Q fever were confirmed by Western blot analysis in order to minimize cross-reaction [5].

High impact information on Cross Reactions

• Sequencing of human complementary DNA coding for the growth-regulated p68 nuclear protein has revealed the molecular basis for its cross-reaction with SV40 large T antigen and its extensive homology with the translation initiation factor eIF-4A [6].
• Here we demonstrate that K+-induced 45Ca2+ flux in a cultured human SCC line is significantly reduced by LEMS IgG, suggesting that in SCC-LEMS an autoantibody to tumour Ca2+-channel determinants is triggered; its cross-reaction with similar determinants at the motor nerve terminal could lead to the remote neurological syndrome [7].
• However, all reported assays show some degree of cross-reaction with Leu-enkephalin and unequivocal differentiation between the two enkephalins and the larger endorphins has not always been possible [8].
• The identity of the FTZ-F1 complementary DNA clone was confirmed by immunological cross-reaction with antibodies to FTZ-F1 and by sequence analysis of peptides from purified FTZ-F1 protein [9].
• Cross-reactions among furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and sulfonamides [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Cross Reactions

• CONCLUSION: Although high-dose ( > 1000 mg) acetaminophen cross-reactions with aspirin were significant with respect to frequency (34%), such reactions included easily reversed bronchospasm in only 22%, and were generally mild [11].
• Immunochemical studies on a Mycoplasma pneumoniae polysaccharide fraction: cross-reactions with type 23 and 32 antipneumococcal rabbit sera [12].
• A number of limited to strong cross-reactions in such epitopes were found among serine type IgA1 proteases released by members of the genera Haemophilus and Neisseria, reflecting the common origin of their iga gene [13].
• The assay is not subject to interference from icterus (bilirubin less than or equal to 360 mg/L), has no cross-reaction with hemoglobin (less than or equal to 42 g/L), and may be performed with either plasma or serum in approximately 1 h [14].
• Four monoclonal antibodies that react with Sindbis virus glycoproteins have been examined for (i) their effects on virus infectivity, (ii) their ability to recognize conformational changes in glycoprotein structure, and (iii) their cross-reaction with several different alphaviruses [15].

Biological context of Cross Reactions

• Competitive binding studies indicated that this IGF binding activity could not be explained by cross-reaction with classical insulin receptors or by coelution of IGF-I or IGF-II receptors [16].
• Many earlier reports of DMPK with different sizes and tissue distributions appear to be due to antibody cross-reactions with more abundant proteins [17].
• These observations may provide a new vaccine strategy for cancer therapy through the induction of autoimmunity against FGFR-1 associated with angiogenesis in a cross-reaction [18].
• In these assays, lysenin bound specifically to sphingomyelin and did not show any cross-reaction with other phospholipids including sphingomyelin analogs such as sphingosine, ceramide, and sphingosylphosphorylcholine, indicating that it recognized a precise molecular structure of sphingomyelin [19].
• Antibody specificity depended largely on the presence of an intact 7-substituted imidazole ring and some cross-reaction occurred with 7-methylinosine [20].

Anatomical context of Cross Reactions

• Because both RNP antigens are discussed in the literature in connection with repressed mRNP the observed cross-reaction of the respective antibodies in D. hydei suggests a more general and important function of these proteins in the RNA metabolism of eukaryotic cells [21].
• It has been shown to precipitate hnRNP particles from HeLa cells through a cross-reaction with the major 32,000- and 34,000-dalton hnRNP particle proteins [22].
• This shows that the intermediate-sized filaments that are abundant in human endothelial cells are predominantly of the vimentin type and can be demonstrated by their cross-reaction with the vimentin of rodents [23].
• We studied serological cross-reactions of purified pooled IgG from sera of HIV-infected individuals by using nested sets of synthetic overlapping peptides duplicating the covalent structures of T-cell receptors (TCRs) and immunoglobulin light chains and report that two processes of autoantibody production occur [24].
• The commercial connexin45 antiserum gave widespread labeling throughout the ventricular myocardium, but this labeling was inhibited by a six-amino acid peptide matching part of the connexin43 sequence, indicating cross-reaction of the commercial connexin45 antiserum with connexin43 in the tissue [25].

Associations of Cross Reactions with chemical compounds

• Based on the absence of cross-reactions by IgG2a-specific monoclonal autoantibodies, certain peptides of the IgG CH2 and CH3 domains appear to generate the antigenic determinants of the anti-IgG2a RF in MRL/l mice [26].
• Sera from immunoinfertile patients (n = 32) and fertile controls (n = 20) were analyzed for cross-reaction with a purified and characterized sperm-specific glycoprotein, the fertilization antigen (FA-1), employing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [27].
• Despite the cross-reactions observed between type-specific antigens and antibody prepared by immunization of rabbits with whole bacteria, which suggest shared immunodeterminants, similar cross-reactions were not detected in human sera after immunization with purified type II polysaccharide [28].
• Leucine appeared to be a critical residue for this cross-reaction [29].
• The clones were specific for sulfamethoxazole without cross-reaction to other sulfonamides [30].

Gene context of Cross Reactions

• In the liver, cross-reaction studies revealed separate insulin and IGF-2 receptors [31].
• CTLs induced by the MC1R291 peptide (but not induced or induced only to a very low extent by the other two MCR1 peptide epitopes) showed cross-reactions with two other members of the melanocortin receptor family, which are more broadly expressed on other tissues [32].
• A cDNA clone encoding immunoreactive adenylate kinase from S. pombe was isolated from a lambda gt11 expression library by cross-reaction with antibodies raised against the recently characterized ADK1 enzyme from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [33].
• The assay was highly specific: no signal was obtained unless both IGF-I and IGFBP-1 were present and neither IGFBP-2, -3, -4, nor IGF-II caused any cross-reaction [34].
• Cross reaction with antibodies against mucin gene products was assessed in blots of electrophoresis gels [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Cross Reactions

• The antigen and enzyme displayed a phenomenon of complete identity in immunodiffusion and a high degree of cross-reaction in a competitive radioimmunoassay for HThy-L or ADA [36].
• However, PRP 1 is not calpactin II as shown by lack of cross-reaction to a monoclonal anti-calpactin II antibody on Western blots [37].
• Immunohistochemistry of carcinoembryonic antigen: characterisation of cross-reactions with other glycoproteins [38].
• Immunofluorescence analysis of measles virus- and RS virus-infected cells with this monoclonal antibody showed qualitatively different staining patterns which indicated that the antigen involved in cross-reaction was the RS virus nucleoprotein or phosphoprotein [39].
• The present study explores the feasibility of immunotherapy of tumors by using a protein vaccine based on chicken Tie-2 as a model antigen to break the immune tolerance against Tie-2 in a cross-reaction between the xenogeneic homologous and self-Tie-2 [40].

References