Disease relevance of 16S

• To determine whether relapsing fever-like spirochetes associated with hard ticks may infect Ixodes ricinus ticks in central Europe, we screened questing ticks for 16S rDNA similar to that of Asian and American relapsing fever-like spirochetes [1].
• Borrelia genus-specific oligonucleotides for the flagellin and 16S rRNA genes were used for amplification of DNA [2].
• 16S rRNA mutations A1185G and C1186U, homologous to Escherichia coli nucleotides A1191 and C1192, conferred >2,200-fold and 1,300-fold resistance to spectinomycin, respectively [3].
• We have determined and compared partial 16S rRNA sequences from 23 Lyme disease spirochete isolates and aligned these with 8 sequences previously presented [4].
• In separate assays the 16S rRNA gene of Ehrlichia species and the 23S-5S rRNA spacer region of B. burgdorferi sensu lato were amplified and labeled by PCR [5].

High impact information on 16S

• RESULTS: Two subjects were identified with nucleic acid for the 16S rRNA gene of C trachomatis [6].
• These results have implications for the evolution of antibiotic resistance, because the 16S rRNA mutations conferring spectinomycin resistance have no significant fitness cost in vitro, and for the development of new selectable markers [3].
• A 16S rRNA A1402G mutation, homologous to E. coli A1408, conferred >90-fold resistance to kanamycin and >240-fold resistance to gentamicin [3].
• The methods used included: large restriction fragment pattern analysis of restriction enzyme MluI-digested genomic DNA, plasmid profiling, protein profiling, ribotyping using 5S, 16S, and 23S rDNA probes, and polymerase chain reaction amplification of the rrf (5S)-rrl (23S) intergenic spacer region [7].
• Genetic fingerprints of bacterial populations were generated by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) separation of individual polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments, followed by DNA sequence analysis for bacterial identification [8].

Biological context of 16S

• The Rickettsia sp. was further characterized by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) [9].
• Characterization of Borrelia lusitaniae sp. nov. by 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis [10].
• Analysis of base-pairing potentials between 16S rRNA and 5' UTR for translation initiation in various prokaryotes [11].
• One copy of the 16S rRNA gene (rrs) and two copies of the 23S rRNA gene (designated rrlA and rrlB), the latter pair in a tandem repeat, were detected [12].
• B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii, and B. garinii clustered into distinct affiliations, consistent with current 16S rRNA phylogeny studies [13].

Anatomical context of 16S

• We carried out a preliminary PCR survey of the blood of 15 dogs naturally exposed on ticks for the presence of the DNA of B. burgdorferi using primers complementary to the fragment of the gene encoding 16S rRNA of the small ribosome subunit [14].
• Oligonucleotide primers used in the reaction flank a 244-base-pair representing part of the variable region V4 of the B. burgdorferi 16S rRNA from biopsies of patients with acrodermatitis, and in synovial fluid from a dog with arthritis [15].

Associations of 16S with chemical compounds

• Here we report that (p)ppGpp levels in B. burgdorferi growing in BSK-II or BSK-H medium are not further increased by nutrient limitation or by serine hydroxamate-induced inhibition of protein synthesis and that the presence of (p)ppGpp during growth of N40 in BSK-H medium is not associated with decreased 16S rRNA synthesis [16].
• The 16S rDNA sequencing resulted in a sequence identical to that described for Rickettsia helvetica, but the pattern obtained with RFLP of the citrate synthetase gene diverged from previously known patterns [9].
• Microscopic examination of EDTA whole blood and nested PCR targeting A. phagocytophilum 16S rDNA gene fragment were carried out at enrolment [17].

Other interactions of 16S

• Using the polymerase chain reaction the ticks were examined for 16S rDNA of the Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup and for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato recA and flagellin genes [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of 16S

• All other PCR reactions were negative except for the pan bacterial 16S rRNA in the C trachomatis-positive subjects [6].
• Strains were characterized and typed by 16S ribosomal RNA-specific polymerase chain reaction and determination of their large restriction fragment patterns using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of MluI-digested genomic DNA [19].
• Borrelia species were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, which showed the presence of several species, some not yet defined, and a high prevalence of multiply infected ticks [20].
• Decreased 16S rRNA synthesis was associated with the decreased growth rate of N40 seen during coculture with tick cells, which are growth conditions that were previously shown to decrease (p)ppGpp levels [16].
• Comparative analysis of Borrelia isolates from southeastern USA based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprint and 16S ribosomal gene sequence analyses [21].

References