Disease relevance of citric acid

• Induced hypocalcemia during citrate infusion did not stimulate parathyroid secretion, nor did infusion of magnesium [1].
• Mean calcium absorption (+/- S.D.) in the patients with achlorhydria was 0.452 +/- 0.125 for citrate and 0.042 +/- 0.021 for carbonate (P less than 0.0001) [2].
• Clomiphene citrate and liver-cell adenoma [3].
• Normal pregnancies have been established in four women with tubal infertility by fertilization in vitro, embryo culture, and embryo transfer after stimulation of follicular growth with clomiphene citrate [4].
• Twenty-three patients patients with clinical signs of pulmonary embolic disease and lung infiltrates were studied to determine the value of gallium citrate Ga 67 lung scan in differentiating embolic from inflammatory lung disease [5].

Psychiatry related information on citric acid

• CONCLUSIONS: Sidenafil citrate (50 mg) is efficacious in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy; however, it may unmask or exacerbate hypotension in multiple system atrophy [6].
• We investigated the effects of itopride hydrochloride (itopride, N-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide hydrochloride), a gastroprokinetic agent, on the colonic motor activity in vitro and in vivo, in comparison with benzamides, cisapride hydrate (cisapride), and mosapride citrate (mosapride) [7].
• The decrease in citrate supports the theory of mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain of patients with Huntington chorea, but also suggests that there may be an important astrocytic component in this disease [8].
• Cellular concentrations of both citrate and amino acids in prey of the carnivorous largemouth bass are sufficient for this taste-enhancing effect to occur naturally during consummatory feeding behavior [9].
• The benefits of dietary modification include not only a tendency to reduce urinary calcium excretion but also increased urinary citrate and reduced urinary oxalate excretion [10].

High impact information on citric acid

• Dimerization creates two identical pockets designed for binding ligands with multiple negative charges such as citrate or phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [11].
• Here we show that retrograde regulation of the yeast CIT2 gene encoding peroxisomal citrate synthase depends on a new class of upstream activation site element (UASr) and two previously unidentified genes, RTG1 and RTG2 [12].
• We conducted a three-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation (1000 mg of calcium citrate malate per day) on bone mineral density in 70 pairs of identical twins (mean [+/- SD] age, 10 +/- 2 years; range, 6 to 14) [13].
• The median number of oocytes per patient recovered from those who received buserelin with HMG was 4 (range, 0 to 19), as compared with 0 (range, 0 to 5) in those who received clomiphene citrate with HMG [14].
• Absorption of calcium from carbonate in patients with achlorhydria was significantly lower than in the normal subjects and was lower than absorption from citrate in either group; absorption from citrate in those with achlorhydria was significantly higher than in the normal subjects, as well as higher than absorption from carbonate in either group [2].

Chemical compound and disease context of citric acid

• Since efficacy and side effects of ivermectin therapy compare favorably with those reported for treatment with the standard antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine citrate, the major advantage of single-oral-dose administration makes ivermectin the best candidate to replace diethylcarbamazine as the treatment of choice for bancroftian filariasis [15].
• The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) pattern of the citrate-soluble fibrous protein isolated from human basal cell epitheliomas showed polypeptides with molecular weights of 43,000, 45,000, and 59,000 [16].
• A mechanism for the dehydration of L-serine which is similar, but not identical, to that of the dehydration of citrate catalysed by aconitase is proposed [17].
• Abnormal localisation of gallium-67 citrate in pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy [18].
• Idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis successfully treated with potassium citrate [19].

Biological context of citric acid

• An agaropectin binding site was identified on hemoglobin by computer-assisted modeling, and the relation of the site to hemoglobin variants that exhibit abnormal citrate agar mobility was established [20].
• Both agents stimulated acid phosphatase activity and hyaluronate synthesis in the CT cells and decreased alkaline phosphatase, citrate decarboxylation, and collagen synthesis in the PT cells [21].
• In vitro phosphorylation of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase by cAMP-dependent protein kinase increased the Vmax of the enzyme and decreased its sensitivity to the inhibitor citrate [22].
• Follicle growth was stimulated with clomiphene citrate, sometimes combined with human menopausal gonadotropin, and ovulation was triggered off with human chorionic gonadotropin [23].
• Krebs cycle intermediates such as succinate, citrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate are transferred across plasma membranes of cells by secondary active transporters that couple the downhill movement of sodium to the concentrative uptake of substrate [24].

Anatomical context of citric acid

• Iron was shown to be directly involved in lytic efficiency by supplementation studies with 2 microM iron citrate; such supplementation increased PMN cytotoxicity by approximately 30%, but had much less effect on erythrocyte lysis by neutroplasts (approximately 3% increase), and no effect on lysis in the enzymatic oxygen radical-generating systems [25].
• Citrate-treated C57BL/6 mice fed the Ath diet showed extensive oil red O-staining fatty streak aortic sinus lesions (20,537+/-2,957 micron2), the size of which did not differ for Ath-fed mice treated with STZ (16,836+/-2,136 micron2) [26].
• Gallium-67 citrate uptake by cultured tumor cells, stimulated by serum transferrin [27].
• Zinc citrate, human milk, and acrodermatitis enteropathica [28].
• Our data demonstrate that the major citrate-soluble protein of precipitates in pancreatic juice is identical with "stone protein". They are strongly support the concept that this protein is the organic matrix of pancreatic stones [29].

Associations of citric acid with other chemical compounds

• Titanium (III) citrate as a nontoxic oxidation-reduction buffering system for the culture of obligate anaerobes [30].
• C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were treated with multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) or control citrate buffer and fed rodent chow or an atherogenic-promoting (Ath) diet for 12-20 wk [26].
• Taurocholate (10 mM) was added to the control solution (pH 1.1) or citrate buffer (pH 7.0) during the second 15-min period [31].
• Cultures of the anaerobic Cit+ clone were analyzed by immunoblotting techniques and shown to contain oxaloacetate decarboxylase, which confers citrate utilization under anaerobic conditions to K. pneumoniae [32].
• The electrochemical gradient provided by both the ATPase and pyrophosphatase stimulates effectively the uptake of various metabolites such as malate, citrate and sucrose [33].

Gene context of citric acid

• Selective inhibition of the citrate-to-isocitrate reaction of cytosolic aconitase by phosphomimetic mutation of serine-711 [34].
• Most of the aneuploid regions were the result of translocations, including three instances of a shared breakpoint on chromosome 14 immediately adjacent to CIT1, which encodes the citrate synthase that performs a key regulated step in the tricarboxylic acid cycle [35].
• Deleting this tripeptide from the CIT2 protein caused peroxisomal citrate synthase to be missorted to mitochondria [36].
• In HH, plasma nontransferrin-bound iron (NTBI) levels are increased and NTBI is bound mainly by citrate [37].
• Also, the transcriptional regulator CYC8, which mediates glucose derepression, was required for adaptation to citric acid to allow cells to metabolize excess citrate via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle [38].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of citric acid

• Regional citrate anticoagulation for hemodialysis in the patient at high risk for bleeding [39].
• Adverse effects of apheresis included the need for a central venous catheter (9 patients), major vasovagal episodes (3 patients), and severe citrate reactions (2 patients) [40].
• Gallium citrate Ga 67 scans and aortic prostheses [41].
• The complexes were then eluted from the cells with isotonic citrate buffer pH 3.2 or recovered by immunoprecipitation of cell lysates [42].
• We describe 12 patients in whom granulosa-cell tumour was discovered after ovarian stimulation treatment with clomiphene citrate and/or gonadotropins [43].

References