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Gene Review

pol  -  polymerase

Avian leukosis virus

 
 
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Disease relevance of pol

  • The proviruses bear different internal deletions that preclude the expression of the gag, pol, and env genes [1].
  • The genome of NK24 was 5.3 kilobases long and had a 1,126-base-pair sequence of cellular origin in place of a viral sequence of avian leukosis virus containing the 3' half of the gag gene and the 5' half of the pol gene [2].
  • Of five clones so selected, one, lambda Q48, contained sequence information related to the gag, pol, and env genes of Rous sarcoma virus arranged in a contiguous fashion and spanning a distance of approximately 5.8 kilobases [3].
  • Virus recovered from DNA constructions that encoded the gag, pol, and 5' env sequences of RAV-0 and the 3' env and long terminal repeat sequences of RAV-1 did not cause a high incidence of lymphoma [4].
  • It consists of the cotransfection of two plasmids: one plasmid bearing the genome of the replication-defective retrovirus vector and a second "helper" plasmid expressing the gag, pol, and env retrovirus sequences [5].
 

High impact information on pol

  • The virus had a density of 1.16 g/ml in sucrose gradients, had a DNA polymerase capable of using both endogenous and exogenous (synthetic) templates, and was infectious in vitro for turkey and chick cells [6].
  • Using a molecularly cloned viral DNA probe representing the entire avian sarcoma virus (ASV) reverse transcriptase (pol) gene, we have detected related sequences in DNA preparations from two avain species, ev- chickens and Japanese quail, previously demonstrated to lack all endogenous avain leukosis viruses [7].
  • Nucleotide sequence analysis of a clone representing the major pol-specific EcoRI restriction fragment from ev- chicken embryo fibroblasts revealed DNA homology as high as 72% and implied amino acid homology as high as 82% when compared to the sequence of the ASV strain Prague C pol gene [7].
  • These data reveal the presence of retroviral pol gene sequences in avian cell lines that lack endogenous retrovirus sequences, suggesting that a reverse transcriptase-related gene exists in these cells as either part of a more distantly evolved retrovirus or a cellular gene [7].
  • All EAV-HP elements identified to date in the chicken genome show large deletions, including that of the entire pol gene [8].
 

Biological context of pol

 

Associations of pol with chemical compounds

  • We analyzed the full-length sequence of ev-1 and identified an adenosine insertion within the pol RT-beta region at position 5026, which results in a truncated RT-beta and integrase [14].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of pol

  • Molecular cloning and characterization of gag-, pol-, and env-related gene sequences in the ev- chicken [10].
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests using two sets of primers were developed for the specific detection of the members of this new subgroup along with another pair of primers for detecting other subgroup viruses [15].
  • Use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of vaccine contamination by avian leukosis virus [16].
  • Similar significant differences were found between the two groups of flocks when ALV-J viremia was detected by immunofluorescence using a monoclonal env antibody (P=0.004), and for proviral DNA by polymerase chain reaction using two different sets of env-gene primers, H5-H7 (P=0.001) and R5-F5 (P=0.001) [17].
  • Particles with RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity from the allantoic fluid of normal chicken eggs and from the medium of a goose cell culture did not compete for the antibodies directed against any of the sets of antigenic determinants defined in this study [18].

References

  1. Proviral deletions and oncogene base-substitutions in insertionally mutagenized c-myc alleles may contribute to the progression of avian bursal tumors. Westaway, D., Payne, G., Varmus, H.E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1984) [Pubmed]
  2. An avian transforming retrovirus isolated from a nephroblastoma that carries the fos gene as the oncogene. Nishizawa, M., Goto, N., Kawai, S. J. Virol. (1987) [Pubmed]
  3. Characterization of Rous sarcoma virus-related sequences in the Japanese quail. Chambers, J.A., Cywinski, A., Chen, P.J., Taylor, J.M. J. Virol. (1986) [Pubmed]
  4. Sequences outside of the long terminal repeat determine the lymphomogenic potential of Rous-associated virus type 1. Robinson, H.L., Jensen, L., Coffin, J.M. J. Virol. (1985) [Pubmed]
  5. Virofection: a one-step procedure for using replication-defective retrovirus vectors. Flamant, F., Samarut, J. Virology (1995) [Pubmed]
  6. Isolation and characterization of viruses from natural outbreaks of reticuloendotheliosis in turkeys. Sarma, P.S., Jain, D.K., Mishra, N.K., Vernon, M.L., Paul, P.S., Pomeroy, B.S. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1975) [Pubmed]
  7. Presence of retrovirus reverse transcriptase-related gene sequences in avian cells lacking endogenous avian leukosis viruses. Dunwiddie, C., Faras, A.J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1985) [Pubmed]
  8. Assessing the roles of endogenous retrovirus EAV-HP in avian leukosis virus subgroup J emergence and tolerance. Sacco, M.A., Howes, K., Smith, L.P., Nair, V.K. J. Virol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  9. Rapid induction of B-cell lymphomas: insertional activation of c-myb by avian leukosis virus. Kanter, M.R., Smith, R.E., Hayward, W.S. J. Virol. (1988) [Pubmed]
  10. Molecular cloning and characterization of gag-, pol-, and env-related gene sequences in the ev- chicken. Dunwiddie, C.T., Resnick, R., Boyce-Jacino, M., Alegre, J.N., Faras, A.J. J. Virol. (1986) [Pubmed]
  11. Localization of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in naturally infected chickens by RNA in situ hybridization. Stedman, N.L., Brown, T.P., Brown, C.C. Vet. Pathol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  12. Pheasant virus DNA polymerase is related to avian leukosis virus DNA polymerase at the active site. Bauer, G., Temin, H.M. J. Virol. (1979) [Pubmed]
  13. Detection of avian leukosis virus in albumen of chicken eggs using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Pham, T.D., Spencer, J.L., Johnson, E.S. J. Virol. Methods (1999) [Pubmed]
  14. Characterization of endogenous avian leukosis viruses in chicken embryonic fibroblast substrates used in production of measles and mumps vaccines. Johnson, J.A., Heneine, W. J. Virol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  15. Development and application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for the detection of subgroup J avian leukosis virus. Smith, L.M., Brown, S.R., Howes, K., McLeod, S., Arshad, S.S., Barron, G.S., Venugopal, K., McKay, J.C., Payne, L.N. Virus Res. (1998) [Pubmed]
  16. Use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of vaccine contamination by avian leukosis virus. Häuptli, D., Bruckner, L., Ottiger, H.P. J. Virol. Methods (1997) [Pubmed]
  17. Comparison of serological and virological findings from subgroup J avian leukosis virus-infected neoplastic and non-neoplastic flocks in Israel. Malkinson, M., Banet-Noach, C., Davidson, I., Fadly, A.M., Witter, R.L. Avian Pathol. (2004) [Pubmed]
  18. Radioimmunological comparison of the DNA polymerases of avian retroviruses. Bauer, G., Temin, H.M. J. Virol. (1980) [Pubmed]
 
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