High impact information on Hoxd9

• Such a local and transient break in colinearity was also observed after transposition of the Hoxd9/lacZ reporter gene, indicating that it may be a general property of these transgenes when transposed at an ectopic location [1].
• The latter gradient has the opposite polarity to that of Hox-5.2. i.e., maximal in anterior and proximal mesoderm [2].
• Hox-5.2 antigen is detected strongly in developing fore- and hindlimb buds, where it forms a gradient of nuclear protein throughout most of the mesenchyme [2].
• Unexpectedly, when the distribution of Hox-5.2 antigen was compared with that of X1Hbox 1 antigen, a non-overlapping and mutually exclusive pattern was detected (e.g., in developing limb buds, intestine, and somites) [2].
• A new human homeo box-containing gene designated Hox-5.2 was cloned and mapped to human chromosome 2 [2].

Biological context of Hoxd9

• The Hoxd9 and Hoxd11 genes are only expressed in the caudal skin from 14.5 days of gestation [3].
• The partial characterization of this gene cluster revealed the presence of two novel genes (Hox-5.2, Hox-5.3) located at the 5' extremity of this complex [4].
• These observations demonstrate that the two paralogous genes Hoxa-9 and Hoxd-9 have both specific and redundant functions in lumbosacral axial skeleton patterning and in limb morphogenesis at the stylopodal level [5].
• During embryogenesis, these genes are expressed in limb buds and along the vertebral axis with anterior expression boundaries at the level of prevertebra #20 for Hoxa-9 and #23 for Hoxd-9 [5].
• Dinucleotide repeats in the mouse Hox-4.4 and Hox-4.5 genes on chromosome 2, and their analysis in the BXD and BXH recombinant inbred strains [6].

Anatomical context of Hoxd9

• Targeted disruption of Hoxd9 and Hoxd10 alters locomotor behavior, vertebral identity, and peripheral nervous system development [7].
• Hoxa9, Hoxb9, and Hoxd9 are expressed normally in adult mammary glands, suggesting a direct role for these genes in the development of mammary tissue after pregnancy [8].
• Analysis of mice with mutant Hoxa9, Hoxb9, and Hoxd9 genes shows that these paralogous genes are required for mediating the expansion and/or differentiation of the mammary epithelium ductal system in response to pregnancy [8].
• Specific and redundant functions of the paralogous Hoxa-9 and Hoxd-9 genes in forelimb and axial skeleton patterning [5].

Regulatory relationships of Hoxd9

• Insertion of a targeting construct in a Hoxd-10 allele can influence the control of Hoxd-9 expression [9].

Other interactions of Hoxd9

• Paralogous mouse Hox genes, Hoxa9, Hoxb9, and Hoxd9, function together to control development of the mammary gland in response to pregnancy [8].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hoxd9

• Using gene targeting, we have produced mice with a disruption of Hoxa-9 or Hoxd-9, two paralogous Abdominal B-related genes [5].

References