Disease relevance of Peripheral Nervous System

• Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive, degenerative disease that involves the central and peripheral nervous systems and the heart [1].
• Classical Friedreich ataxia, a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder involving both the central and peripheral nervous systems, has been subclassified according to the observed clinical heterogeneity [2].
• L- and S-periaxin are proteins of myelinating Schwann cells and homozygous periaxin-null mice display extensive demyelination of myelinated fibers in the peripheral nervous system, which suggests that the periaxin gene is a good candidate gene for an ARCMT disease [3].
• Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common genetic disorder which predisposes affected individuals to a variety of clinical features including tumors of the central and peripheral nervous systems [4].
• These observations establish a pivotal role of the cytokine interferon-gamma in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system [5].

Psychiatry related information on Peripheral Nervous System

• Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), a neuropeptide expressed in central and peripheral nervous systems, plays an important role in the control of feeding behaviors and energy metabolism [6].
• BACKGROUND: Although lithium carbonate is widely used in the treatment of mood disorders, symptoms suggesting toxic effects on the peripheral nervous system may emerge even in subjects whose serum lithium levels remain within the recommended therapeutic range [7].
• It is concluded that self-stimulation performance may be subject to modulation by CCK receptors distributed predominantly in the peripheral nervous system and that some but not all of these receptors are CCKA receptors [8].
• Our results suggest that embryonic fibronectins synthesized within the nerve contribute to the permissiveness of the peripheral nervous system to axon regrowth and a mechanism by which alternative splicing of the V region in fibronectin mRNA could enhance nervous system regeneration [9].
• Insights into central and peripheral nervous system mechanisms by which psychological stress is capable of evoking cardiac arrhythmias in the presence of ouabain should ultimately lead to more effective treatment strategies for the prevention of these arrhythmias [10].

High impact information on Peripheral Nervous System

• The ASIC genes encode proton-gated cation channels in both the central and peripheral nervous system that could be involved in pain transduction [11].
• The senseless (sens) gene is required for proper development of most cell types of the embryonic and adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila [12].
• Our studies suggest that Sox10 is essential for proper peripheral nervous system development [13].
• Stable expression of Egr2 is specifically associated with the onset of myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) [14].
• The integrin alpha 6 beta 4 is expressed on squamous epithelia, on subsets of endothelial cells, immature thymocytes and on Schwann cells and fibroblasts in the peripheral nervous system [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Peripheral Nervous System

• Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems due to an enzymatic defect of the galactocerebrosidase [16].
• A detailed neuropathological and biochemical study was performed to evaluate the accumulation of ceramide trihexoside within the central and peripheral nervous systems of 2 patients with Fabry's disease [17].
• A few syndromes are mediated by antibodies; they include those resulting from dysfunction of the neuromuscular junction at the pre- or post-synaptic level (Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis) or ion channel dysfunction in the peripheral nervous system (i.e, Voltage-gated potassium channel and neuromyotonia) [18].
• The neuropeptide substance P is a major mediator of neurogenic inflammation and immunomodulatory activities within the central and peripheral nervous system [19].
• Thus, these results suggest that a parallel enhancement of norepinephrine release in hypothalamus with that of peripheral nervous system may play an important role during development of hypertension in young SHR [20].

Biological context of Peripheral Nervous System

• Increased gene dosage or altered PMP-22 expression in the peripheral nervous system are therefore possible mechanisms by which PMP-22 is involved in CMT1A [21].
• Our data strongly suggest that Ret is a functional receptor for GDNF, and that GDNF, in addition to its potential role in the differentiation and survival of central nervous system neurons, has profound effects on kidney organogenesis and the development of the peripheral nervous system [22].
• This embryonic expression pattern is spatially and temporally consistent with a role for AP-2 in regulating transcription of genes involved in the morphogenesis of the peripheral nervous system, face, limbs, skin, and nephric tissues [23].
• This and the clinical and pathologic observations of the PLP null phenotype indicate that PLP/DM20 is necessary for proper myelin function both in the central and peripheral nervous systems [24].
• The paralogous paired-like homeobox genes Phox2a and Phox2b are involved in the development of specific neural subtypes in the central and peripheral nervous systems [25].

Anatomical context of Peripheral Nervous System

• Although there is evidence for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) acting as a transmitter in the peripheral nervous system, suggestions for such a role in the central nervous system have so far not been supported by any direct evidence [26].
• This adhesion molecule is expressed in various neuronal cells as well as in glial cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems in vertebrate embryos and recent immunological studies suggested that N-cadherin may play a role in guiding the migration of neurites on myotubes or astrocytes [27].
• We show here that a mouse monoclonal antibody, HNK-1, which is directed against human natural killer cells also recognizes an antigenic determinant of human central and peripheral nervous system white matter by immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections [28].
• Mice homozygous for the trembler mutation make virtually no peripheral nervous system myelin, yet have long and functional lives [29].
• The likely physiological and pathophysiological roles for PAR-2 in skin, intestine, blood vessels, and the peripheral nervous system are considered in the context of PAR-2 activation by multiple serine proteases [30].

Associations of Peripheral Nervous System with chemical compounds

• Drosophila neuroglian is an integral membrane glycoprotein that is expressed on a variety of cell types in the Drosophila embryo, including expression on a large subset of glial and neuronal cell bodies in the central and peripheral nervous systems and on the fasciculating axons that extend along them [31].
• ATP is known to be released in association with acetylcholine at synapses in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system [32].
• The undecapeptide substance P is a neurotransmitter candidate in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system [33].
• Nitric oxide (NO) is well established as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems [34].
• GABA may be a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system [35].

Gene context of Peripheral Nervous System

• Lack of neurotrophin-3 leads to deficiencies in the peripheral nervous system and loss of limb proprioceptive afferents [36].
• Antp is expressed in the nuclei of cells of the thoracic embryonic epidermis and several segments of the ventral and peripheral nervous systems [37].
• Notch1 has been shown to induce glia in the peripheral nervous system [38].
• The proneural gene amos promotes multiple dendritic neuron formation in the Drosophila peripheral nervous system [39].
• Upon overexpression of the APP-family members, transformations of cell fates during the development of the peripheral nervous system were observed [40].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Peripheral Nervous System

• To determine whether specific asparagine-linked (N-linked) oligosaccharides present in cell surface glycoproteins are required for cell-cell interactions within the peripheral nervous system, we have used castanospermine to inhibit maturation of N-linked sugars in cell cultures of neurons or neurons plus Schwann cells [41].
• Synapsin I (protein I), a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein. I. Its general distribution in synapses of the central and peripheral nervous system demonstrated by immunofluorescence in frozen and plastic sections [42].
• The three-dimensional structure of P2 protein from peripheral nervous system myelin has been determined at 2.7 A resolution by X-ray crystallography [43].
• In situ hybridization showed that the main expression of collagen XVIII HSPG in the chick embryo is in the kidney and the peripheral nervous system [44].
• Animal experiments have previously shown that the parent drug doxorubicin, besides being a myocardial toxin, may cause nerve cell lesions both in the central and the peripheral nervous system [45].

References