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Hoffmann, R. A wiki for the life sciences where authorship matters. Nature Genetics (2008)
 
MeSH Review

Limb Bud

 
 
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Disease relevance of Limb Bud

 

High impact information on Limb Bud

  • The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) in the posterior limb bud produces Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) protein, which plays a critical role in establishing distinct fates along the anterior-posterior axis [6].
  • Conditional inactivation of Fgf4 reveals complexity of signalling during limb bud development [7].
  • We report here that inactivating Fgf8 in early limb ectoderm causes a substantial reduction in limb-bud size, a delay in Shh expression, misregulation of Fgf4 expression, and hypoplasia or aplasia of specific skeletal elements [8].
  • We demonstrate that Plzf acts as a growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic factor in the limb bud [9].
  • We generated a targeted disruption of the mouse Raldh2 gene and found that Raldh2-/- embryos, which die at midgestation without undergoing axial rotation (body turning), exhibit shortening along the anterioposterior axis and do not form limb buds [10].
 

Chemical compound and disease context of Limb Bud

 

Biological context of Limb Bud

 

Anatomical context of Limb Bud

  • FGF8 secreted by the ectoderm then appears to initiate limb bud formation by promoting outgrowth of and Sonic hedgehog expression in the underlying lateral plate mesoderm [21].
  • We have isolated a vertebrate homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene hedgehog (hh) from zebrafish and rat, termed vhh-1. vhh-1 is expressed in the node, notochord, floor plate, and posterior limb bud mesenchyme [22].
  • Unexpectedly, when the distribution of Hox-5.2 antigen was compared with that of X1Hbox 1 antigen, a non-overlapping and mutually exclusive pattern was detected (e.g., in developing limb buds, intestine, and somites) [23].
  • These results suggest that early Myf-6 expression may be restricted to a population of myogenic cells that does not contribute to the embryonic muscle masses in limb buds and visceral arches [24].
  • Shortly after implantation, SPC4 transcripts are localized to extraembryonic cell populations, and at later stages are detected in discrete tissues including the primitive gut, heart, neural tube, and limb buds [25].
 

Associations of Limb Bud with chemical compounds

  • All-trans-retinoic acid (RA) induces striking digit pattern duplications when locally applied to the developing chick limb bud [26].
  • Here we show that the neuronal membrane glycoprotein fasciclin I has a role in the adhesion of sister axons during the development of the grasshopper limb bud [27].
  • Characterization of concentration gradients of a morphogenetically active retinoid in the chick limb bud [28].
  • Limb buds and tails express D2 early and late in metamorphosis, respectively, correlating with the time that these organs undergo TH-induced change [29].
  • The current model suggests that the cholesterol moiety promotes the spread of Shh gradient in the limb bud [30].
 

Gene context of Limb Bud

  • In situ hybridization of the embryos of these mutants revealed ectopic expression of Shh and fibroblast growth factor-4 (Fgf-4) genes at the anterior margin of limb buds [31].
  • Transcription factor Glioblastoma-3 (Gli3) is cleaved in the anterior region of the limb bud to generate its repressor form [32].
  • Inactivation of Sox9 in limb buds before mesenchymal condensations resulted in a complete absence of both cartilage and bone, but markers for the different axes of limb development showed a normal pattern of expression [33].
  • We expressed the mutant proteins in limb bud micromass culture and treated ATDC5 and C2C12 cells with recombinant GDF5 [34].
  • Strong lacZ expression in embryonic (E) stage E9.5 and E10.5 mouse embryos was found in the limb buds and first and second visceral arches, consistent with the endogenous Dlx3 expression pattern [35].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Limb Bud

  • Transplantation of proximal limb bud tissue into the distal portion of the limb results in a re-expression of Hox-7.1 in the transplanted mesenchyme [36].
  • By immunocytochemistry, we show that CRABP is present at high levels in the progress zone of the limb bud and is distributed across the anteroposterior axis in a gradient with the high point at the anterior margin [37].
  • 2. To investigate the transcript pattern, embryos of various stages were dissected into heads, trunks and limb buds and the RNA was analysed by Northern blotting and RNase protection assays [38].
  • In organ culture demonstrable colony formation by neuroblastoma was likewise inhibited, and conditioned media from one of these embryonic sources (limb bud) slowed but did not abrogate growth of neuroblastoma cells [39].
  • We report static and dynamic light scattering analysis on subpopulations of proteoglycan monomer isolated in milligram quantities from chick limb bud mesenchymal cell cultures by gel fractionation in dissociative solvent conditions [40].

References

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