Disease relevance of Accessory Nerve

• CONCLUSIONS: Tumor involvement at multiple nodal levels occurs in most cases when patients have lateral cervical node metastases. "Skip" metastases and cancer above the spinal accessory nerve are common [1].

High impact information on Accessory Nerve

• Targeted disruption of the homeobox gene Nkx2.9 reveals a role in development of the spinal accessory nerve [2].
• In hindbrain, however, absence of Nkx2.9 resulted in a significantly altered morphology of the spinal accessory nerve (XIth), which appeared considerably shorter and thinner than in wild-type animals [2].
• In 18 patients with generalised myasthenia treated with oral pyridostigmine, muscular strength, decrement of neuromuscular transmission in the trapezius muscle on repetitive accessory nerve stimulation, and pyridostigmine plasma level were measured repeatedly during 1-3 dosing intervals [3].
• Persistent abnormal shoulder elevation after accessory nerve injury and differential diagnosis with post-traumatic focal shoulder-elevation dystonia: report of a case and literature review [4].
• Sternomastoid function during hemispheric suppression by amytal: insights into the inputs to the spinal accessory nerve nucleus [5].

Biological context of Accessory Nerve

• Consistent with this phenotype, immature branchial motoneurons of the spinal accessory nerve, which normally migrate from a ventromedial to a dorsolateral position within the neural tube, were markedly reduced in Nkx2.9-deficient embryos at E10.5, while ventromedial motor column cells were increased in numbers [2].

Anatomical context of Accessory Nerve

• In the cases of HRP bathing of the transected spinal accessory nerve (SAN), HRP-labeled motoneurons were observed ipsilaterally from the C1 to the rostral C6 segments of the spinal cord [6].
• OBJECTIVES: Selective neck dissection, despite preservation of the spinal accessory nerve, can lead to some degree of postoperative shoulder dysfunction as a result of removal of level IIb lymph nodes [7].
• The accessory nerve and the cervical plexus branches from 18 neck dissections were studied by histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase (motor nerve) and carbonic anhydrase (sensory nerve) activity [8].
• Axolemma-enriched fractions isolated from uniformly well-myelinated fibers (bovine spinal accessory nerve) contained lower CNPase activity and higher acetylcholinesterase activity than comparable fractions isolated from variably myelinated fibers (rabbit sciatic nerve and bovine intradural roots) [9].
• The accessory nerve was transferred to three C5 roots, to three C6 roots, to four posterior division of the middle trunks, to one musculocutaneous nerve, and to two suprascapular nerves [10].

Associations of Accessory Nerve with chemical compounds

• Motoneurons of the spinal accessory nerve between C1 and C5 segments were labelled using wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) injected into the sternocleidomastoid muscles [11].
• The dorsal C2 and C3 branches have diameters comparable to that of the spinal accessory nerve [12].
• Reconstruction of the spinal accessory nerve with an anastomosis to the dorsal C3 branch: technical note [12].
• Motoneurons supplying the accessory nerve (nXI) of the Japanese toad were retrogradely labelled by applying the cobaltic lysine to the cut end of the nerve [13].
• Retrograde transport of the fluorescent tracers Diamidino Yellow dihydrochloride and Fast Blue was used to determine the location of the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve in the sheep [14].

Gene context of Accessory Nerve

• Tumor above the spinal accessory nerve in papillary thyroid cancer that involves lateral neck nodes: a common occurrence [1].
• In group 2, significantly more instances of hypoparathyroidism and palsy of the accessory nerve were found (p less than 0.05) [15].
• The length of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle is 34.7+/- 6.3 mm [16].
• CONCLUSIONS: This region may be preserved in elective neck dissection in patients with SCC of the larynx, so that accessory nerve dysfunction can be minimized and operative time can be saved [17].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Accessory Nerve

• There was no statistically significant difference between nerve grafting from C5 and extraplexal nerve transfer using the accessory nerve [18].

References