Disease relevance of CA1

• Further, we found that these capillaries were most prominent in areas of the MTLE hippocampus with extensive neuronal loss and gliosis, i.e. the CA3, CA1, and dentate hilus [1].
• In the human hippocampus, transient hypoxia/ischemia selectively spares neurons in CA2 and CA3 and induces death of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 subregion [2].
• Furthermore, the i/e-NFT ratios in both ENT and CA1 were significantly correlated with the disease duration, suggesting that the neuronal death pattern in the two subdivisions parallels disease progression [3].
• Immunohistochemical study of colorectal tumors for expression of a novel transmembrane carbonic anhydrase, MN/CA IX, with potential value as a marker of cell proliferation [4].
• Clinical manifestations in patients with carbonic anhydrase (CA) II deficiency include osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis, and cerebral calcification [5].

Psychiatry related information on CA1

• Four out of five probands and the same eight controls had been examined in a previous study showing a significantly lower cell count and disorientation of pyramidal cells in the CA1- CA3 subregions of the schizophrenics [6].
• We found NFT counts to be most strongly correlated with degree of dementia when they were seen in CA1, the subiculum, and CA4; NFTs in these subregions appeared significantly clustered on factor analysis [7].
• We tested the hypothesis that there is differential expression of MnSOD in the CA1, CA2/3, and CA4 region of the hippocampus which may account for the neuronal loss seen in Alzheimer's disease [8].
• Carbonic anhydrase (CA) II deficiency is characterized by osteopetrosis, renal tubular acidosis, cerebral calcification, and usually severe mental retardation [9].
• The objective of this article is to compare number and size of neurons in CA1 in AD versus ischemic vascular dementia [10].

High impact information on CA1

• Carbonic anhydrase accelerates the hydration/dehydration reaction between CO(2), HCO(3)(-), and H(+) [11].
• In skeletal muscle, various isozymes of carbonic anhydrase are localized within erythrocytes but are also bound to the capillary wall, thus accessible to plasma; bound to the sarcolemma, thus producing catalytic activity within the interstitial space; and associated with the sarcoplasmic reticulum [11].
• Carbon dioxide transport and carbonic anhydrase in blood and muscle [11].
• The carbonic anhydrase domain of receptor tyrosine phosphatase beta is a functional ligand for the axonal cell recognition molecule contactin [12].
• The CAH domain of RPTP beta induced cell adhesion and neurite growth of primary tectal neurons, and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of CA1

• Basolateral CA enhances the efflux of bicarbonate via dehydration of H(2)CO(3) [13].
• Although acidosis is mainly attributable to excessive production of lactic acid, it also involves carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX-mediated conversion of CO2 to an extracellular proton and a bicarbonate ion transported to cytoplasm [14].
• The current study corroborates our earlier report of structure-activity relationships as predictors of such metabolic events as hyperchloremia, acidosis, and changes in calcium and phosphate disposition; and clinical manifestations associated with CA inhibition reported with celecoxib [15].
• Purified carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II, and III (CA I, CA II, CA III) from various sources were treated with 2,3-butanedione and their bicarbonate dehydration reactions followed [16].
• Dorzolamide and brinzolamide are two topical CA inhibitors which are currently available to treat ocular hypertension and/or glaucoma [17].

Biological context of CA1

• A significant difference in BZDR density/cell-density ratio was observed in CA1 region between MTLE and non-MTLE [18].
• A study of several red cell enzyme markers in two samples of the Italian population. Report of new CA1 and PGD variant phenotypes [19].
• DESIGN: Survey questionnaire of all CA1 and CA2 residents in the Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine. SETTING: University hospital [20].
• Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity plays an important role in controlling aqueous humor production in the eye and in regulating intraocular pressure [21].
• The amino acid sequence of mature subunits deduced from the nucleotide sequence showed 20-22% homology with human CA isozymes (CAI, CAII, and CAIII) [22].

Anatomical context of CA1

• Additionally, staining was observed in neurons in the stratum oriens, a population of neurons at the periphery of the CA4 sector, scattered, probably short-axon perikarya in the CA1 sector, and fibers in the perforant path and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus [23].
• They measured the size, shape, and variability in orientation of pyramidal neurons in hippocampal subfields CA1-CA4 and the subiculum in computer images of 10-micron coronal sections stained with cresyl violet [24].
• We measured the volume, pyramidal cell density, and neuronal and nuclear cross-sectional areas in sectors CA1 through CA4 in right and left hippocampi from the brains of 23 normal subjects (age range 4 to 98 years) in the Yakovlev Collection [25].
• In strata oriens and pyramidale of CA1-CA3 subfields, parvalbumin neurons gave rise to dendrites that extended into adjacent strata [26].
• This vulnerability may be related to their differential connectivity, e.g., those regions connectionally related to the cerebral cortex (dentate gyrus and CA1) are more vulnerable than those regions connectionally related to subcortical loci (subiculum and presubiculum) [26].

Associations of CA1 with chemical compounds

• Here, we present evidence that CA II in red cell lysates can be quantitated by measuring CO2 hydratase activity in the presence of inhibitors that selectively inhibit the activity of CA I to a much greater extent than that of CA II [27].
• Carbonic anhydrase isozyme-II-deficient mice lack the duodenal bicarbonate secretory response to prostaglandin E2 [28].
• The structure shows a monomeric glycoprotein with a topology similar to that of other mammalian CA isozymes [29].
• To prove that the tail (in this case the pyridinecarboxylic moieties) conferring water solubility to a sulfonamide CA inhibitor is more important than the ring to which the sulfonamido group is grafted, we also prepared dorzolamide derivatives incorporating such moieties [30].
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The mitochondrial isozyme VB as a new target for sulfonamide and sulfamate inhibitors [31].

Physical interactions of CA1

• Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) is a membrane-bound form of carbonic anhydrase [32].
• CAII provides the CA activity necessary for maintaining ion transport in erythrocytes while CAIII may play an agent against oxidative damage in iron deficiency and beta-thalassemia anemia [33].
• In accord with these findings, MN protein from HeLa cells was found to bind zinc and to have carbonic anhydrase activity [34].
• The experimental results show that human carbonic anhydrase II interacts with human CO-hemoglobin whereas human carbonic anhydrase I does not [35].
• The results clearly demonstrate a differential regulation of AP-1 binding activity in CA1 during and after acquisition of an ischemic tolerant state in contrast to ischemia leading to neuronal death [36].

Co-localisations of CA1

• BDNF and TrkB co-localize in CA1 neurons resistant to transient forebrain ischemia in the adult gerbil [37].

Regulatory relationships of CA1

• Here we present experiments showing that several well characterized CA inhibitors largely prevent the adverse effects of expressing R14W CA IV in transfected COS-7 cells [38].
• PURPOSE: Our primary goal was to determine whether increased expression of the transmembrane carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is regulated by the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene [39].
• Di-/tri- and especially tetrapeptides incorporating the sequence DADD present in the carboxyterminal region of the bicarbonate/chloride anion exchanger AE1 strongly activate human carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozyme II, whereas they act as more inefficient activators of isozymes I and IV [40].
• The distribution, morphology, synaptic coverage and postsynaptic targets of calbindin-containing interneurons and afferent pathways have been analyzed in the control and epileptic CA1 region of the human hippocampus [41].
• Flow cytometric analysis showed that incubation of K562 cells with EP as well as hemin induced CA-I at the 3rd h, while alpha-globin was detected at the 8th h [42].

Other interactions of CA1

• The surface epithelium of the colon contained both CA I and CA II [43].
• BACKGROUND & AIMS: CA IX (formerly MN protein) is a carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme whose expression is associated with human tumors [44].
• These studies indicate that the membrane-associated CA in human eye, which was suspected from histochemical studies, is CA IV [21].
• Pyramidal neurons in the CA1 and CA3 sectors were not immunoreactive [23].
• These facts point to CAVII as a putative target of CA inhibitors that are used as antiepileptic drugs [45].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of CA1

• The distribution of carbonic anhydrase was studied in human donor eyes by the cobalt-phosphate histochemical method of Hansson and by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques using antisera specific against the human cytoplasmic isoenzymes CA I and CA II [46].
• In consequence, other 1,3,4-thiadiazolesulfonamide derivatives possessing potent CA inhibitory properties and substituted with different alkyl/arylcarboxamido/sulfonamido/ureido moieties in the 5 position have been investigated for their anticonvulsant effects in the same animal model [47].
• Isoenzyme and total CA concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay for human isozyme CA I, differential inhibition by MK-927, inhibition by 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and quantitative sulfonamide binding [48].
• Analysis of carbonic anhydrase in human red Blood cells using capillary electrophoresis/ electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry [49].
• Sera from 16 of 23 (69.6%) patients with endometriosis, a potential autoimmune disease, and 2 of 17 (11.8%) control individuals had autoantibodies against the bovine carbonic anhydrase (CA) molecular weight marker, as determined by the Western blot technique [50].

References