Disease relevance of Raptors

• Chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction syndrome associated with Staphylococcus spp. bacteraemia responsive to thiacetarsamide sodium in eight birds of prey [1].

High impact information on Raptors

• The Cape Verde kite (Milvus milvus fasciicauda) is considered to be one of the rarest birds of prey in the world and at significant risk of extinction [2].
• We assessed phylogenetic relationships for birds of prey in the family Accipitridae using molecular sequence from two mitochondrial genes (1047 bases ND2 and 1041 bases cyt-b) and one nuclear intron (1074 bases beta-fibrinogen intron 7) [3].
• As a large raptor, the goshawk apparently has a competitive advantage over smaller ones, and may have an ever-increasing impact on smaller birds of prey, if there is a lack of sheltered forests inducing competition for the available nest sites [4].
• Raptors lack lower-field myopia [5].
• Like many diurnal raptors, the American kestrel or sparrow hawk, Falco sparverius, possesses two foveae in each eye [6].

Biological context of Raptors

• Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in birds of prey [7].
• The most critical food chains for secondary poisoning of top predators are soil --> worm/insect --> bird --> bird of prey for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and soil --> worm --> bird/mammal --> bird of prey for cadmium (Cd) [8].
• 5. Blood values of individual birds of prey in good and bad states of nutrition were compared, showing significant changes in cholesterol, hematocrit, urea and total protein values [9].

Anatomical context of Raptors

• The topography of the retinal nasal and temporal foveal projections upon the optic nerve and primary visual centers was studied in diurnal bifoveate birds of prey by means of restricted tritiated proline intraocular injection [10].
• Captivity diets alter egg yolk lipids of a bird of prey (the American kestrel) and of a galliforme (the red-legged partridge) [11].

Associations of Raptors with chemical compounds

• The isthmo-optic nucleus (NIO) at the origin of the retinopetal pathway was examined in 12 birds of prey (strigiforms and falconiforms) using cytoarchitectonic methods and after the intraocular injection of the regrograde tracers Rhodamine beta-isothiocyanate and Fast blue [12].
• The purpose of this study was to monitor exposure to lead in four species of raptors in Southeastern Spain (Murcia Region) [13].
• Intravenously administered ketamine HCl and diazepam for anesthesia of raptors [14].
• Identifying pollution hot spots from polychlorinated biphenyl residues in birds of prey [15].
• The possibility that fenthion, an organophosphorus pesticide, could represent a secondary poisoning hazard to birds of prey was tested, using American kestrels (Falco sparverius) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) as representative models of a naturally occurring predator-prey interaction [16].

Gene context of Raptors

• In order to establish the level of these enzymes and to have reference values for their normal activities, total plasma cholinesterase (ChE), AChE and BChE activities, and plasma CbE activity were determined in 729 European raptors representing 20 species, four families, and two orders [17].
• Haematozoa of birds of prey in Great Britain [18].
• Variation of heavy metals within and among feathers of birds of prey: effects of molt and external contamination [19].
• Merlin and Sparrowhawk eggs were the highest contaminated with chlorinated pesticides (average sum pesticide concentration: 3.0 and 4.3 microg/g w.w.). For the first time, the content of chlorobornanes was determined in Norwegian birds of prey eggs [20].
• None of the data suggest that any of the birds of prey had died of DDT or DDT metabolite poisoning [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Raptors

• In a retrospective study, records of 931 raptors admitted to the Avian Clinic at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine and to the Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation were evaluated to determine the prevalence, cause, and distribution of ocular lesions [22].
• The luminal surface of the pecten oculi of the black kite (Milvus migrans), a diurnally active bird of prey, was examined by scanning electron microscopy [23].

References