Disease relevance of Optic Nerve

• Mutation of the gene in a family with optic nerve colobomas, renal anomolies and vesicoureteral reflux [1].
• We have immortalized rat central nervous system (CNS) cells of primary cultures of rat optic nerve with murine leukemia virus psi-2,SV-40-6, which is defective in assembly and contains the SV-40 large T antigen and neomycin resistance genes, to produce a cell line that we named A7 [2].
• In our in vitro model for CNS white matter invasion, cell infiltration of optic nerve explants, which occurred with C6 cells but not with 3T3 fibroblasts or B16 melanomas, was impaired by the presence of the metalloprotease blockers [3].
• Glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in optic nerve oligodendrocytes [4].
• T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: possible therapy for optic neuropathies [5].

Psychiatry related information on Optic Nerve

• We conclude that, in mature eyes, synucleins are present predominantly in the retina and optic nerve, and the immunoreactivity of gamma-synuclein changes specifically in the retina of Alzheimer's disease patients [6].
• Porencephaly is often associated with various ophthalmic and neurologic signs, including visual-field defects, abnormal pupillary responses, optic nerve hypoplasia, decreased vision, nystagmus, strabismus, hemi-inattention, seizures, and mental deficiencies [7].

High impact information on Optic Nerve

• At the optic chiasm the two optic nerves fuse, and fibers from each eye cross the midline or turn back and remain uncrossed [8].
• Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR syndrome) with antibodies reacting with retinal, optic-nerve, and cancer cells [9].
• The rat optic nerve contains three types of macroglial cells: type 1 astrocytes first appear at embryonic day 16 (E16), oligodendrocytes at birth (E21), and type 2 astrocytes between postnatal days 7 and 10 [10].
• Growth cones of retinal neurons exhibit chemoattractive turning towards the diffusible factor netrin-1 in vitro and are guided into the optic nerve head (ONH) by localized netrin-1 [11].
• We also show that PDGF is present in the developing optic nerve [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Optic Nerve

• Inactivation of ether lipid biosynthesis causes male infertility, defects in eye development and optic nerve hypoplasia in mice [13].
• We studied the effects of GABA on anoxia-induced injury in CNS white matter using optic nerves exposed to 60 min of anoxia [14].
• We used gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed MRI to show abnormal enhancement of the optic nerve to determine the sensitivity of this modality in acute optic neuritis and whether the abnormal enhancement correlates with presenting visual deficits or recovery [15].
• This selective myelinoclastic effect of methanol metabolism is probably caused by histotoxic anoxia in watershed areas of the cerebral and distal optic nerve circulations [16].
• When artificial CSF glucose was increased from 10 to 30 mmol/L, rat optic nerves responded to anoxia in a similar manner to mouse optic nerves in 10-mmol/L glucose [17].

Biological context of Optic Nerve

• A putative neurotransmitter, serotonin, may be used to transmit temporal information in the eye of Aplysia, because it can shift the phase of the circadian rhythm of spontaneous optic nerve impulses from the eye and the eye contains a significant quantity of serotonin [18].
• Application of this nerve-derived transglutaminase to rat optic nerves, in which the injury had caused the loss of visual evoked potential response to light, promoted the recovery of that response within 6 weeks after injury [19].
• Nestin expression is induced with similar kinetics in the crushed optic nerve [20].
• Reduced pigmentation during eye development results in misrouting of the optic nerves, nystagmus, alternating strabismus, and reduced visual acuity [21].
• Inheritance of one of three primary mutations at positions 11778, 3460 or 14484 of the mitochondrial genome in subunits of Complex I causes Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), a specific degeneration of the optic nerve, resulting in bilateral blindness [22].

Anatomical context of Optic Nerve

• In addition, Vegfc-deficient mouse embryos showed a selective loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the embryonic optic nerve [23].
• Oligodendrocytes and their precursors in the developing rat optic nerve express Notch1 receptors and, at the same time, retinal ganglion cells express Jagged1, a ligand of the Notch1 receptor, along their axons [24].
• In addition, some of these factors have been shown to be mitogenic for particular classes of glial cells within the brain and optic nerve, and recently two peptide growth factors, fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor, have been shown to have mitogenic activity on the CNS neuronal progenitors [25].
• Neuroimaging revealed a thin pituitary stalk with anterior pituitary hypoplasia and an ectopic posterior pituitary, but no midline or optic nerve abnormalities [26].
• PDGF A chain homodimers drive proliferation of bipotential (O-2A) glial progenitor cells in the developing rat optic nerve [27].

Associations of Optic Nerve with chemical compounds

• In vivo release of glutamate and aspartate following optic nerve stimulation [28].
• The results indicate that N-CAM from the retina of 5-10-day-old embryos already exists in a relatively sialic acid-poor form, whereas the tectum and optic nerve beyond the eye contain sialic acid-rich N-CAM until much later in development [29].
• This beneficial effect might not be related to a direct action of octreotide, but may reflect an effect on the retina and/or optic nerve [30].
• Astroglial filaments approximately 10 nm in diameter were isolated from degenerated mouse optic nerves by Triton X-100 and DNase I treatments followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation [31].
• Methanol intoxication produces toxic injury to the retina and optic nerve, resulting in blindness [32].

Gene context of Optic Nerve

• In vitro, netrin-1 induces a complex growth cone morphology reminiscent of that at the optic nerve head, a site of netrin-1 expression in vivo [33].
• Because PAX2 gene mutations were detected in papillorenal syndrome, alternation of PAX2 function by PAX6 mutations may affect phenotypic manifestations of optic-nerve malformations [34].
• DMPK transcripts were detected in fetal eyes and in adult conjunctival and corneal epithelia, uvea, cellular layers of the retina, optic nerve and in the sclera [35].
• As Pitx2 is not expressed in the optic stalk, an essential function of PITX2 protein in neural crest is to regulate an extrinsic factor(s) required for development of the optic nerve [36].
• (1) RGCs express both Shh mRNA and protein, whereas the optic nerve contains the protein but not the mRNA [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Optic Nerve

• We have visualized PDGF mRNA in the rat optic nerve by in situ hybridization, and its spatial distribution is compatible with the idea that type 1 astrocytes are the major source of PDGF in the nerve [27].
• The optic nerves, tracts, and tecta of goldfish, 1 to 5 years old, have been studied anatomically using light and electron microscopy, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and tritiated proline radioautography [38].
• Full-length CRMP-5 protein was identified in normal retina and optic nerve by Western blot analyses [39].
• PCR analysis also revealed the presence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in optic nerve [40].
• Deficiency in matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase B (MMP-9) protects against retinal ganglion cell death after optic nerve ligation [41].

References