Disease relevance of MT-ND2

• We sequenced 2005 bp of the mitochondrial ND2 and cytochrome b genes from the 25 recognized species of New World orioles (Icterus) [1].
• We have now examined whether the Mt5178C --> A (Leu237Met) polymorphism in the mitochondrial ND2 gene is associated with a low prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) in a case-control study [2].
• We describe a novel mitochondrial ND2 mutation (T4681C) in a patient presenting with Leigh Syndrome [3].
• A heteroplasmic G5460A mutation affecting the ND2 subunit of NADH dehydrogenase was detected in several brains of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease [4].
• Hexokinase isoenzyme 1, ND2, and c-kit were the most differentially expressed proteins in high and low ErbB2-expressing breast cancer cells [5].

Psychiatry related information on MT-ND2

• The finding suggests that a point mutation in ND2 is a potential risk factor for Alzheimer's disease [6].
• A combination of SNPs of the nuclear BAR-3 and the mitochondrial ND2 genes may affect eating behavior besides the biochemical and metabolic process of signal transduction and electron transfer system [7].
• Longevity-associated NADH dehydrogenase subunit-2 237 Leu/Met polymorphism influences the effects of alcohol consumption on serum uric acid levels in nonobese Japanese men [8].

High impact information on MT-ND2

• We present new mitochondrial DNA sequences, approximately 2,100 base pairs from the genes encoding ND1, ND2, COI, and the intervening tRNA genes for 34 species representing all 10 salamander families, to examine these relationships [9].
• The lysosomal band also contained a majority of the NADH2-cytochrome c reductase, a marker enzyme for endoplasmic reticulum, found in the gradient [10].
• The geographic distribution of ND2 haplotypes is consistent with roles for multiple founder events and introgressive hybridization in the evolution of cave-related phenotypes [11].
• We have assessed the expression of the mitochondrial ND2 and ND5 (subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase complex) genes and the nuclear UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2) gene in 22 oxyphilic thyroid tumors and matched controls [12].
• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the significance of a longevity-associated mitochondrial genotype (Mt5178A) derived from a C --> A transversion at nucleotide position 5178 of mitochondrial DNA, which causes a Leu-to-Met substitution within the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene, in type 2 diabetic subjects [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of MT-ND2

• Frozen sections of eight odontogenic cysts, including one keratocyst, were incubated to show the following enzyme activities: NADH2 diaphorase, NADPH2 diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase [14].
• Leukocytes, approached by histoenzymological methods for demonstration of dihydrofolate dehydrogenase, NADH2-diaphorase, lactate dehydrogenase and alcaline phosphatase activities, provided information about the impaired metabolic balance of thyrotoxicosis, Cushing and Addison diseases [15].

Biological context of MT-ND2

• To test whether patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation are consistent with a neutral model of molecular evolution, nucleotide sequences were determined for the 1041 bp of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene in 20 geographically diverse humans and 20 common chimpanzees [16].
• In human ND2, the amino-terminal methionine is encoded by AUU, which, as in the "universal" genetic code, is also used as an isoleucine codon in elongation [17].
• Three were missense mutations (C14F, H186R, T173P) in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) [18].
• The expression level of ND2 was also elevated during cellular senescence in three of the four strains [19].
• Phylogenetic analyses of the inferred amino acid sequences of ND2 and COI support the sister-group relationship of birds and crocodilians and suggest that mammals are an early derived lineage within the amniotes [20].

Anatomical context of MT-ND2

• As complex I genes are the most vulnerable part of mtDNA we analyzed the mitochondrial MTND1 and MTND2 genes of 10 substantia nigra and 85 platelet samples from PD patients [21].
• The somata of ND2 cells were medium-sized (mean, 8.2 microns) and located in the INL and in the GCL; their dendrites were usually beaded and often spread in either the middle or outer strata of the IPL [22].
• NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was observed in three different classes of amacrine cells (ND1, ND2, ND3 cells) and in the cone photoreceptors [22].
• Since this finding suggested that ND2 gene expression was related to myeloid differentiation, we here investigated the effects of rotenone, a specific NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor, on HL-60 cell growth, differentiation and death [23].
• To determine whether deletions in the minor region also contribute to the ageing process, we analyzed a 3,610-basepair deletion (nucleotide position 1,837-5,447, from the 16S rRNA gene to the ND2 gene) in the skeletal muscle from individuals of various ages [24].

Associations of MT-ND2 with chemical compounds

• In one individual, we detected a T-to-C transition at position 1243 in the 12SrRNA, a change from threonine to alanine at position 67 of the ND1 protein, and from valine to isoleucine at position 197 of the ND2 protein [25].
• Investigation of the mt-mRNA decay after thiamphenicol treatment indicated that three transcripts (ND2, ND3 and Cyt. b) are significantly stabilized after inhibition of mitochondrial translation [26].
• The inferred start codon of NADH2 is ATT (isoleucine) [27].
• This region and part of the adjacent cytochrome c oxydase subunit I (COI) gene were sequenced for two crocodilian, two turtle, and one snake species and for Sphenodon punctatus; part of the adjacent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene was also sequenced for the crocodilian and turtle species [20].
• We provide an independent assessment of the evolutionary history of pantherine lineage using two complete mitochondrial (mt) genes (ND2 and ND4) and the nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 gene, whose utility in carnivoran phylogeny was first explored [28].

Other interactions of MT-ND2

• The 15257 mutation altered a highly conserved amino acid in an extramembrane domain of cytochrome b that is associated with the ligation of the low potential b566 heme and the 5244 mutation altered a strongly evolutionarily conserved region of the ND2 polypeptide [29].
• Three were missense mutations (C14F, H186R, T173P) in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, and one was a frameshift mutation, 9485delC, in cytochrome c oxidase subunit III [30].
• Within and between the soft coral families Alcyoniidae and Xeniidae, sequence divergence in the genes ND2 (539 bp), ND3 (102 bp), and ND6 (444 bp) ranged from 0.5% to 12%, with the greatest pairwise distances between the 2 families [31].
• Portions of three mitochondrial genes (cyt b, COII, and ND2) were sequenced and phylogenetically analysed using weighted and unweighted parsimony, neighbour-joining, and maximum likelihood methods [32].
• IPP is an analogue of the substrate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and it is observed to bind with its aldehyde oxygen in an oxyanion hole formed by ND2 of Asn11 and NE2 of His95 [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of MT-ND2

• DNA was extracted from the carcass and enzymatically amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR): the mitochondrial NADH2 DNA sequence was identified as that of a sperm whale (Physeter catodon) [34].

References