Disease relevance of Lebaycid

• We identified mutations both in the Pto resistance locus and in a new locus designated Prf (for Pseudomonas resistance and fenthion sensitivity) [1].
• Use of a gene expression system based on potato virus X to rapidly identify and characterize a tomato Pto homolog that controls fenthion sensitivity [2].
• After transformation with the Fen gene under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, tomato plants that are normally insensitive to fenthion rapidly developed extensive necrotic lesions upon exposure to fenthion [3].
• After 10 months exposure to Fenthion, cellular necrosis and gliosis intensified in the CA4 and CA3 regions and occasionally involved the CA2 [4].
• One patient, who had taken fenthion, also had a significantly delayed peak and prolonged, 2-3 week, systemic toxicity [5].

High impact information on Lebaycid

• A genomic fragment containing Prf complemented a prf mutant tomato line both for resistance to Pst strains expressing avrPto and for sensitivity to the insecticide Fenthion [6].
• Interestingly, expression of the Fen kinase from the PVX genome in Nicotiana spp resulted in a fenthion-independent necrotic response [2].
• A member of the tomato Pto gene family confers sensitivity to fenthion resulting in rapid cell death [3].
• The disease-resistance gene Pto and the fenthion-sensitivity gene fen encode closely related functional protein kinases [7].
• The oxidase activity toward fenthion was exhibited by cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenase [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Lebaycid

• The aim of our research was the evaluation in vitro of the neurotoxic effects of fenthion and its metabolites on human neuroblastoma cells, as a model for their toxicity in humans [9].
• The toxicity of Illicium verum fruit and Lysimachia davurica leaf extracts (0.09mgcm(-2)) was almost comparable to that of benfuracarb, prothiofos, propoxur and fenthion (0.053-0.070mgcm(-2)) [10].
• Toxicity of six larvicides ie fenthion, temephos, malathion, deltamethrin, alphamethrin (Fendona), OMS 3031 and five adulticides ie malathion, fenitrothion, propoxur, deltamethrin, permethrin to Aedes aegypti, Culex quiquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi and the predator, Toxorhynchites splendens was studied for evaluating safety margin [11].
• The toxicities of 44 plant essential oils against larvae of Cadra cautella (Walker) were examined using direct contact and vapor phase toxicity bioassays and compared with the lethal activity of chlorpyrifos-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos, and fenthion, four widely used organophosphorus insecticides [12].
• Effect of O, O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-methylthiophenyl) phosphorothioate (fenthion) pretreatment on acute toxicity of 2-sec-butylphenyl N-methylcarbamate (BPMC) in dogs [13].

Biological context of Lebaycid

• Thus, this long-lasting perturbation in the retinal cholinergic second messenger system induced by fenthion may occur independently of depressed ChE activity and down-regulation of mChR [14].
• Analysis of the locus has revealed that Pto acts in a semi-dominant manner and cosegegrates with sensitivity to an organophosphorous insecticide, Fenthion, suggesting that Pto may be a complex locus responsible for both phenotypes [15].
• IC50 data indicated that the tested mouse cell line was consistently more sensitive than the human cell line to equimolar doses of various OP compounds (e.g., mipafox, parathion, paraoxon, DFP, leptophos oxon, fenthion, and fenitrothion) [16].
• Aqueous photodegradation of fenthion by ultraviolet B irradiation: contribution of singlet oxygen in photodegradation and photochemical hydrolysis [17].
• Severe fenthion intoxications due to ingestion and inhalation with survival outcome [18].

Anatomical context of Lebaycid

• Stereoselective sulfoxidation of fenthion and methiocarb by human liver, kidney, and microsomes was investigated [19].
• Research note: ability of fenthion to increase gizzard erosion in broiler chicks [20].
• Correlation studies between clinical signs and plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities are presented together with plasma fenthion levels and the anticholinesterase capacity of the patient's plasmas [21].
• Ultrastructural studies on the effect of fenthion on pituitary (GTH cells) and testis of Glossogobius giuris. (HAM) during breeding phase [22].
• Erythrocyte ChE activity showed a downward trend to 32% of normal activity measured 9 days following the last treatment of fenthion at 33 mg/kg [23].

Associations of Lebaycid with other chemical compounds

• FMO3 metabolized fenthion to its sulfoxide at a lower catalytic efficiency than FMO1 (27%) and with less stereoselectivity (74% (+)-sulfoxide) [24].
• These FAAH-selective compounds include tribufos and (R)-octylbenzodioxaphosphorin oxide with delayed neurotoxic effects in mice and hens plus several organophosphorus pesticides (e.g., fenthion) implicated as delayed neurotoxicants in humans [25].
• Follow-up studies in animals performed in Japan using such agents as ethylthiometon, fenthion and fenitrothion demonstrate adverse effects of organophosphates on the visual system [26].
• This paper describes a simulated application of the OPs concerned (fenthion and malathion) with measurements of potential exposure through inhalation, dermal contact and deposition of pesticides on surfaces [27].
• A multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 12 organophosphorus insecticides (diazinon, parathion methyl, fenitrothion, pirimiphosmethyl, malathion, fenthion, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, methidathion, ethion, azinphosmethyl, coumaphos), one carbamate (pirimicarb), and one amidine (amitraz) in unifloral and multifloral honeys [28].

Gene context of Lebaycid

• FMO1 also metabolized the commonly used insecticide fenthion to its (+)-sulfoxide, with relatively high catalytic efficiency [24].
• This dose of fenthion did not produce overt morphological changes in the retina or in the cortex, as observed with light microscopy, although an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (GFAP IR) extending from the internal limiting membrane to the external limiting membrane of the retina was noted [14].
• The F11 larval population exhibited high levels of cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos (29.6 times), fenitrothion (49.4 times), parathion (55.6 times), fenthion (76.8 times), and chlorpyrifos-methyl (253.8 times) [29].
• The myopathy is not aggravated by a further decline in AChE activity in fenthion poisoning [30].
• Inhibition of AChE by fenthion, which has ready access to central neurons on account of its lipid solubility, is postulated as the mechanism underlying the extrapyramidal manifestations [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Lebaycid

• The pto mutants retain sensitivity to the organophosphate insecticide fenthion; this trait segregates with Pto in genetic crosses [1].
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the organophosphorus insecticide fenthion. Influence of hapten structure [32].
• Fenthion suicide poisoning by subcutaneous injection [33].
• The residue levels of trichlorfon, fenthion and its metabolites were determined in olives, olive oil and vegetation water after treatment of olive trees at different times before harvest [34].
• Analysis of fenthion in postmortem samples by HPLC with diode-array detection and GC-MS using solid-phase extraction [35].

References