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MeSH Review:

Countercurrent Distribution

Holness, N.J. et al., Gavioli, E. et al., Cahnmann, H.J. et al., Baumann, D. et al., Overstreet, D.H. et al., et al.

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High impact information on Countercurrent Distribution

A countercurrent chromatography protocol for support-free preparative enantiomer separation of the herbicidal agent 2-(2,4-dichlorphenoxy)propionic acid (dichlorprop) was developed utilizing a purposefully designed, highly enantioselective chiral stationary-phase additive (CSPA) derived from bis-1,4-(dihydroquinidinyl)phthalazine [1].
Countercurrent distribution of rat uterine cytosolic ER allowed rapid and efficient separation of two populations, one population partitioned preferentially into the top phase (T, K(obs) = 3-6) and the other into the bottom phase (B, K(obs) = 0.01-0.03) [2].
Foam countercurrent chromatography of bacitracin with nitrogen and additive-free water [3].
Smooth, light rough and heavy rough rat liver microsome (obtained by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation) were subjected to countercurrent distribution in such a system [4].
Presumptive cyclic AMP from 10kg batches of pine needles was characterized by countercurrent distribution in the presence of cyclic [8-3H]AMP [5].

Biological context of Countercurrent Distribution

The i.p. administration of a partially purified extract (NPI-031) of NPI-028, obtained by countercurrent chromatography, also dose-dependently suppressed ethanol intake in FH rats, but the highest dose 200 mg/kg) also significantly decreased food intake [6].

Anatomical context of Countercurrent Distribution

Isolated blood neutrophils from normal healthy subjects were separated into fractions by sequential countercurrent distribution (CCD) in a charge-sensitive dextran/polyethylene glycol aqueous phase system [7].

Associations of Countercurrent Distribution with chemical compounds

The luteinizing hormone was shown to dissociate and subunits were prepared by the countercurrent distribution technique and characterized [8].
Polypeptin, a basic peptide antibiotic isolated from Bacillus circulans, was separated into two components by countercurrent distribution [9].
This fraction was purified further by six steps involving chromatography on Sephadex G-25, countercurrent distribution, free-flow electrophoresis, and chromatography on triethylaminoethyl cellulose [10].
4. A theoretical countercurrent-distribution curve calculated by assuming a distribution coefficient K of 2.03 was in excellent agreement with the profiles of E260 and cysteine-acceptor ability after 537 transfers in the 1.85 M-phosphate/formamide/propan-2-ol system of C.M. Connelly & B.P. Doctor (1965) (J. Biol. Chem. 241, 715-719) [11].
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were subjected to countercurrent distribution in a charge-sensitive dextran-poly (ethylene glycol) aqueous two-phase system [12].

Gene context of Countercurrent Distribution

Enolase from bakers' yeast was separated into three isoenzymes by countercurrent distribution [13].
Two structurally similar and highly active glycopeptides have been isolated from extracts of yellow jacket venom sacs by ion-exchange and droplet countercurrent chromatography procedures [14].
The last two steps in the purification of this antibiotic included reverse-phase chromatography on C18-bonded silica gel and countercurrent chromatography on an Ito Coil Planet Centrifuge to give material of 90% purity [15].
Separation and purification of anthocyanins by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and screening for antioxidant activity [16].
Two inhibitors of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase, dihydrocarolic acid (1) and penitricin D (2), were isolated from a fermentation broth of the fungus Aspergillus niger and purified by HSCCC (high speed countercurrent chromatography) followed by HPLC [17].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Countercurrent Distribution

While HPLC is satisfactory only for purification of microgram and submicrogram quantities, amounts ranging from about 1 ng to 1 g of BrAcT4 can be processed by high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC), a method which we have previously used for the purification of N-bromoacetyl-3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (BrAcT3) [18].
Vitisin A was prepared from malvidin 3-glucoside and pyruvic acid in model wine medium, isolated by countercurrent chromatography, and purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [19].
An efficient protocol for the preparative purification of the major tea catechins (-)-epicatechin gallate (3) and epigallocatechin gallate (5) has been developed, employing liquid-liquid partitioning, high-speed countercurrent chromatography, and gel chromatography for final purification [20].

References

Preparative enantiomer separation of dichlorprop with a cinchona-derived chiral selector employing centrifugal partition chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography: a comparative study. Gavioli, E., Maier, N.M., Minguillón, C., Lindner, W. Anal. Chem. (2004) [Pubmed]
Two populations of the estrogen receptor separated and characterized using aqueous two-phase partitioning. Fritsch, M., Anderson, I., Leary, C.M., Gorski, J. Biochemistry (1997) [Pubmed]
Foam countercurrent chromatography of bacitracin with nitrogen and additive-free water. Oka, H., Harada, K., Suzuki, M., Nakazawa, H., Ito, Y. Anal. Chem. (1989) [Pubmed]
Fractionation of microsomal membranes on the basis of their surface properties. Ohlsson, R., Jergil, B., Walter, H. Biochem. J. (1978) [Pubmed]
Isolation, characterization and distribution of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate from Pinus radiata. Wilson, T., Moustafa, E., Renwick, A.G. Biochem. J. (1978) [Pubmed]
Suppression of alcohol intake after administration of the Chinese herbal medicine, NPI-028, and its derivatives. Overstreet, D.H., Lee, Y.W., Rezvani, A.H., Pei, Y.H., Criswell, H.E., Janowsky, D.S. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. (1996) [Pubmed]
Fractionation of human neutrophils into subpopulations by countercurrent distribution: surface charge and functional heterogeneity. Eggleton, P., Crawford, N., Fisher, D. Eur. J. Cell Biol. (1992) [Pubmed]
Isolation and characterization of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and its subunits from snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) pituitaries. Papkoff, H., Farmer, S.W., Licht, P. Endocrinology (1976) [Pubmed]
Structure of the peptide antibiotic polypeptin. Sogn, J.A. J. Med. Chem. (1976) [Pubmed]
Isolation of gamma-amino butyric acid from pig hypothalami and demonstration of its prolactin release-inhibiting (PIF) activity in vivo and in vitro. Schally, A.V., Redding, T.W., Arimura, A., Dupont, A., Linthicum, G.L. Endocrinology (1977) [Pubmed]
The extraction and purification of a cysteine transfer ribonucleic acid from baker's yeast. Holness, N.J., Atfield, G. Biochem. J. (1976) [Pubmed]
Subfractionation of human T lymphocyte subpopulations by partitioning: surface heterogeneity of the OKT8/Leu2+ T cell subset. Michalski, J.P., Bozelka, B., Walter, H. Clin. Exp. Immunol. (1987) [Pubmed]
Cross partition and determination of net charge of the isoenzymes of enolase. Blomquist, G. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) [Pubmed]
Vespulakinins: new carbohydrate-containing bradykinin derivatives. Yoshida, H., Geller, R.G., Pisano, J.J. Biochemistry (1976) [Pubmed]
Coloradocin, an antibiotic from a new Actinoplanes. II. Identity with luminamicin and elucidation of structure. Rasmussen, R.R., Scherr, M.H., Whittern, D.N., Buko, A.M., McAlpine, J.B. J. Antibiot. (1987) [Pubmed]
Separation and purification of anthocyanins by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and screening for antioxidant activity. Degenhardt, A., Knapp, H., Winterhalter, P. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2000) [Pubmed]
CD45 tyrosine phosphatase inhibitory components from Aspergillus niger. Alvi, K.A., Nair, B.G., Rabenstein, J., Davis, G., Baker, D.D. J. Antibiot. (2000) [Pubmed]
Synthesis and properties of N-bromoacetyl-L-thyroxine. Cahnmann, H.J., Gonçalves, E., Ito, Y., Fales, H.M., Sokoloski, E.A. Anal. Biochem. (1992) [Pubmed]
Vitisin A content in Chilean wines from Vitis vinifera Cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and contribution to the color of aged red wines. Schwarz, M., Quast, P., von Baer, D., Winterhalter, P. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2003) [Pubmed]
A simple isolation method for the major catechins in green tea using high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Baumann, D., Adler, S., Hamburger, M. J. Nat. Prod. (2001) [Pubmed]

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