Disease relevance of bacitracin

• No patient in the group using white petrolatum developed allergic contact dermatitis vs 4 patients (0.9%) in the group using bacitracin (P=.12) [1].
• Eight infections (1.8%) in the white petrolatum group were due to Staphylococcus aureus vs none in the bacitracin group (P=.004) [1].
• Toxicity of mediastinal irrigation with bacitracin [2].
• Four cases of antibiotic-associated colitis and diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile were successfully treated with oral bacitracin, 25,000 units four times daily for 7-10 days [3].
• In view of its low cost, bacitracin is a reasonable first-line alternative to vancomycin in the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis [4].

Psychiatry related information on bacitracin

• When bacitracin disks were used for presumptive identification group A streptococci from clinical thorat specimens, 12.00% false positive and 0.00% false negative results were obtained as measured by the direct flourescent-antibody and Lancefield grouping methods [5].

High impact information on bacitracin

• Downregulation of IDE by siRNA, or blocking of IDE with antibody, with soluble IDE protein extracted from liver, or with bacitracin inhibited VZV infection [6].
• Moreover, in the presence of bacitracin, an inhibitor of glucagon degradation, the Ca2+ pump is no longer sensitive to glucagon [7].
• OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of white petrolatum vs bacitracin ointment on wound infection incidence, allergic contact dermatitis incidence, and healing characteristics [1].
• At 4 degrees, but not at 37 degrees C, bradykinin remained intact in the presence of 2 mM bacitracin, but not in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor or SQ-20881, an inhibitor of kininase II [8].
• We found significant correlations between spontaneous and antibiotic-induced lysis, using five antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis (penicillin, cephalothin, bacitracin, cycloserine, and vancomycin) [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of bacitracin

• The spirochetes were eliminated upon treatment with neomycin and bacitracin, but the symptoms of the patients remained unchanged [10].
• We provide evidence that the same reductive process plays a role in the penetration of membrane-bound human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and show that HIV infection of human lymphoid cells is markedly inhibited by the membrane-impermeant sulfhydryl blocker 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), by bacitracin, and by anti-PDI antibodies [11].
• Fusidic acid and bacitracin are selective for gram-positive bacteria whereas polymyxin B targets gram-negative species [12].
• Agar dilution anaerobic susceptibility studies using rifampin, vancomycin, metronidazole, and bacitracin individually and in combination were performed with Clostridium difficile [13].
• Clostridium difficile isolates from a 2004 outbreak in Qu??bec, Canada, were all found to be susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, rifampin, and meropenem but resistant to bacitracin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, and most (>80%) were resistant to ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin [14].

Biological context of bacitracin

• The selective susceptibility to bacitracin and carboxypeptidase inhibitor indicates that the catalytic sites of plaque and tangle-bound cholinesterases are more closely associated with peptidase or protease-like properties than the catalytic sites of cholinesterases in normal axons and cell bodies [15].
• Mobile genetic elements in the form of IS elements and transposons are prominent in the genome and include a previously uncharacterized conjugative transposon and a composite transposon containing genes for the synthesis of antibiotics of the gramicidin/bacitracin family; however, no bacteriophage genomes are present [16].
• Information is also scarce for bacitracin used only marginally in human and veterinary medicine and for streptogramin antibiotics [17].
• Scatchard analysis indicates that, in the presence of bacitracin, VIP significantly decreases the affinity and increases the number of specific high affinity binding sites for [3H]5-HT in the dorsal hippocampus [18].
• The PDI antibody, as well as bacitracin, inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion [19].

Anatomical context of bacitracin

• Inhibition of a reductive function of the plasma membrane by bacitracin and antibodies against protein disulfide-isomerase [20].
• We also found that bacitracin, a potent inhibitor of the enzyme transglutaminase, neither prevents receptor internalization or degradation in human fibroblasts nor inhibits the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor [21].
• These fragments were cultured overnight in medium containing serum and then preincubated in groups of three for 10 min in medium resembling cerebrospinal fluid in its electrolyte constituents and containing bacitracin [22].
• Chloroquine (10 and 25 microM) did not inhibit cell pair formation, leading to the conclusion that inhibition by dansylcadaverine, methylamine, and bacitracin is not due to an alkalinization of the lysosome [23].
• The formation of GlcNAc-lipid(s) in vitro was inhibited if membranes were prepared from cells previously treated with bacitracin [24].

Associations of bacitracin with other chemical compounds

• More recently it was found that the same membrane function can be inhibited by bacitracin, an inhibitor of protein disulfide-isomerase (PDI), and by monoclonal antibodies against PDI, suggesting that PDI catalyzes a thiol-disulfide interchange between its thiols and the disulfides of membrane-bound macromolecules [11].
• Inhibition by bacitracin of rat adipocyte plasma membrane degradation of 125I-insulin is associated with an increase in plasma membrane bound insulin and a potentiation of glucose oxidation by adipocytes [25].
• N-Ethylmaleimide and bacitracin, which inhibit the activity of two cytosolic enzymes that cleave insulin, enhance the antigen presentation of insulin [26].
• Whereas diphtheria toxin was found to be reduced by a cell surface population of protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) and its cytotoxicity was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, bacitracin, or anti-PDI antibodies, these inhibitors had no effect on CT reduction or activity in intact cells [27].
• Thus, although controls released 72.1 +/- 8.1% of the internalized radioactivity as trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble products, bacitracin-treated cells released 59.2 +/- 9.4% (P less than 0.02) [28].

Gene context of bacitracin

• In addition, the interaction of AR or GR with RAF was competed by insulin and bacitracin, a competitive inhibitor of IDE [29].
• The Drosophila IDE activity, like the mammalian enzymes, is inhibited by bacitracin and sulfhydryl-specific reagents [30].
• This negative regulation of NF-kappaB was reversed by bacitracin, a PDI inhibitor [31].
• Antibiotic sensitive clones appeared at a frequency of about 99% and were analyzed for deletions of gtfB, gtfC and a part of mbrA by the lack of insoluble glucan synthesis, sensitivity to bacitracin, and polymerase chain reaction [32].
• Taken in conjunction with the previous finding that neither thiorphan nor bacitracin affected the conversion of endogenously synthesized big ET-1 in cultured endothelial cells, we conclude that physiologically relevant ECE found in the endothelial cells is more similar to M1 than to M2 [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of bacitracin

• Infection and allergy incidence in ambulatory surgery patients using white petrolatum vs bacitracin ointment. A randomized controlled trial [1].
• A randomized double-blind study was carried out in patients with unresolving antibiotic-associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile, to compare the effect of bacitracin (80,000 U/day) with vancomycin (500 mg/day) on the resolution of symptoms, clearance of organism, and prevention of relapse [4].
• Purification was achieved by dextran density gradient ultracentrifugation in the presence of bacitracin, which was included to prevent viral aggregation [34].
• In accordance with this, the bacitracin-sensitive activity was mainly recovered in the synaptic plasma membrane and myelin subcellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation of rat cerebral cortex homogenate [35].
• Using a semiquantitative technique for culturing material from vascular catheters, we studied by random allocation the efficacy of three regimens for site care of 827 catheters used in adult patients: an iodophor ointment (PI2), ointment containing polymyxin, neomycin and bacitracin (PNB), and use of no topical agent whatsoever (control) [36].

References