Disease relevance of polyethylene glycol

• In patients with chronic hepatitis C but without cirrhosis, once-weekly administration of interferon modified by the attachment of a 40-kd branched-chain polyethylene glycol moiety (peginterferon alfa-2a) is more efficacious than a regimen of unmodified interferon [1].
• A series of near-diploid embryonal carcinoma-like hybrid cells were obtained from polyethylene glycol mediated cell fusion between murine embryonal carcinoma cells (PSA-6TG1 or OTF9-63) having one X chromosome and thymocytes or bone marrow cells from female mice carrying Cattanach's or Searle's translocation [2].
• We treated two children who had adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency disease by injecting bovine adenosine deaminase modified by conjugation with polyethylene glycol [3].
• Patients with other inherited metabolic diseases in which accumulated metabolites equilibrate with plasma could benefit from treatment with the appropriate polyethylene glycol-modified enzyme [3].
• Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled integral membrane proteins are mobile in the membranes of human erythrocytes that have fused (and haemolysed) by Sendai virus or polyethylene glycol [4].

Psychiatry related information on polyethylene glycol

• A manometric method was developed to study the motor activity in the unprepared human colon, and the results in eight healthy subjects were compared with those obtained in the same subjects after bowel cleansing with a non-absorbable solution containing polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) [5].
• The reaction was enhanced by polyethylene glycol to shorten the reaction time (5 min) and to displace the point of equivalence between antigen and antibody to an albumin concentration unlikely to occur in human sera (about 100 g/liter) [6].
• Efficacy and optimal dose of daily polyethylene glycol 3350 for treatment of constipation and encopresis in children [7].
• The proU-gfp fusion in these bacterial biosensor strains responded in a quantitative manner to water deprivation caused by the presence of NaCl, Na(2)SO(4), KCl, or polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 8000) [8].
• These studies were designed to examine the effects of "hunger" induced by food deprivation, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (200 mg/kg), or insulin (2 U/kg) and "thirst" induced by water deprivation, sodium chloride (4 M), or polyethylene glycol (5 ml of 30% w/w) on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in 40 male Long-Evans rats [9].

High impact information on polyethylene glycol

• To determine the extent of genetic heterogeneity present in FA, a panel of somatic cell hybrids was constructed using polyethylene glycol-mediated cell fusion [10].
• We conclude that from the standpoints of efficacy, convenience, and safety, polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine deaminase is preferable to red-cell transfusion as a treatment for adenosine deaminase deficiency [3].
• Normal diploid human amniocytes were fused with differentiated mouse muscle cells by using polyethylene glycol [11].
• African green monkey cells (CV-1P) were microinjected with highly purified SV40 T antigen using protein-loaded red cell ghosts and polyethylene glycol as fusagen [12].
• Fusion of myeloma cells and B lymphocytes to form hybridomas which produce monoclonal antibodies has been a major advance, but the poor efficiency and randomness of viral or polyethylene glycol fusion techniques generally gives poor yields of specific, high affinity antibodies [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of polyethylene glycol

• To determine whether the abnormal permeability is uniquely detectable by polyethylene glycol 400, we studied the intestinal permeability of three new probes (lactulose, rhamnose, and mannitol) in 25 patients with Crohn's disease, 41 of their healthy relatives, and 29 normal controls without a family history of inflammatory bowel disease [14].
• These results do not suggest the likelihood of toxicity due to polyethylene glycol 3350 or sulfate absorption during gut lavage with this solution [15].
• Twenty-five-centimeter canine proximal jejunal Thiry-Vella fistulas were constructed, and jejunal absorption studies (n = 66) were performed by luminal perfusion of the jejunal segments with an isotonic buffer containing 14C-labeled polyethylene glycol [16].
• RESULTS: Wild-type mice fed a polyethylene glycol or lactose-based diet developed weight loss, diarrhea, and an increased gut-to-carcass ratio [17].
• We have developed a simple, one-step procedure for the preparation of competent Escherichia coli that uses a transformation and storage solution [TSS; 1 x TSS is LB broth containing 10% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol, 5% (vol/vol) dimethyl sulfoxide, and 50 mM Mg2+ at pH 6.5] [18].

Biological context of polyethylene glycol

• IgG antibody response to polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine deaminase in patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency [19].
• In parallel studies, blood volume contraction and increases in Posm were evoked by intraperitoneal polyethylene glycol dissolved in hypertonic saline and results compared with animals receiving intraperitoneal saline alone [20].
• Here we describe the effect of immunization with dendritic cells loaded with syngeneic tumor cells (DC/Ts) by polyethylene glycol treatment, on tumor development in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutant mouse models, APC1309 and APC(Min-/+), in which adenomatous polyps of the gastrointestinal tracts develop with a high incidence [21].
• Because the colon can be involved in inflammatory bowel disease, the mechanisms, kinetics, and influence of intraluminal factors on polyethylene glycol 400 permeation of perfused colonic segments of rats were studied [22].
• Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a probe molecule to investigate intestinal absorption in eight patients with eczema and evidence of food allergy and ten with eczema alone [23].

Anatomical context of polyethylene glycol

• Fusion of hen erythrocytes with yeast protoplasts induced by polyethylene glycol [24].
• Time and mode of fusion of human fibroblasts treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) [25].
• The fusion of human HeLa cells with tobacco protoplasts has been accomplished with the use of polyethylene glycol [26].
• Additional findings showed that LN cells from all F1 hybrids exhibited equivalent syngeneic mixed lymphocyte responses in the presence of polyethylene glycol to mitomycin-treated spleen cells from both the SJL/J and the other parent [27].
• Optimal conditions for obtaining hybridomas with the GM 4672 myeloma line included initial growth in 2-ml wells, the use of 44% polyethylene glycol, a mononuclear cell/GM 4672 cell ratio 5:1, and prior stimulation of the B lymphocytes with pokeweed mitogen [28].

Associations of polyethylene glycol with other chemical compounds

• Factor V was isolated from human plasma by barium citrate adsorption, polyethylene glycol fractionation, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and gel chromatography on Ultrogel 22 [29].
• The presence of DNA:anti-DNA compexes was not related to high molecular weight IgG, cryoprecipitins, positive polyethylene glycol precipitation, or low plasma C3 levels [30].
• Simultaneously, a test solution of normal saline (n = 6) or 12.5 (n = 4), 25 (n = 4), 50 (n = 2), or 100 (n = 2) mg/min of carbohydrates (75% rice starch, 25% glucose) containing a nonabsorbable marker, polyethylene glycol, was continuously perfused into the terminal ileum at 3 ml/min for 7 h [31].
• Ingestion of an electrolyte lavage solution containing polyethylene glycol 3350 and sulfate is an effective method of cleansing the colon for diagnostic studies [15].
• Increasing luminal osmolarity significantly decreased water and polyethylene glycol 400 absorption (P less than 0.01) [22].

Gene context of polyethylene glycol

• In contrast, injection of a polyethylene glycol-modified form of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) into mice only expands the myeloid-related DC subset [32].
• The present studies describe a molecular reformulation of BDNF that incorporates polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties at surface carboxyl residues, to optimize plasma pharmacokinetics, and links pegylated BDNF to the OX26 mAb, which undergoes receptor-mediated transport through the BBB via the brain capillary endothelial transferrin receptor [33].
• NER supported by nuclear extracts requires ATP and Mg2+ and is stimulated by polyethylene glycol and by small amounts of whole cell extract containing overexpressed Rad2 protein [34].
• Enforced expression of c-mpl in embryonic stem (ES) cells inactivated for this gene results in protein expression in all the ES cell progeny, producing cells that do not belong to the megakaryocytic lineage and are responsive to PEG-rhuMGDF, a truncated form of human thrombopoietin (TPO) conjugated to polyethylene glycol [35].
• Binding of IL 1 to the solubilized receptor was detected by a polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation procedure [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of polyethylene glycol

• Pancreatic secretion was assessed by a marker perfusion technique (polyethylene glycol [PEG 4000]), plasma secretin, and CCK by specific radioimmunoassays [37].
• The CIC in patients' sera were precipitated with polyethylene glycol, dissociated, and the individual CIC components identified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [38].
• Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)-associated membrane antigen (MA) was concentrated from B95-8 cell culture media by precipitation with polyethylene glycol followed by chromatography on Bio-Gel A-50m [39].
• T lymphocyte ontogeny in adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immune deficiency after treatment with polyethylene glycol-modified adenosine deaminase [40].
• Protein precipitation by acetone for the analysis of polyethylene glycol in intestinal perfusion fluid [41].

References