Disease relevance of Basal Ganglia Diseases

• Amantadine is useful for the prevention and treatment of influenza A and for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders [1].
• The lack of ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity leads to parenchymal and reticuloendothelial iron overload, resulting in diabetes and progressive neurodegeneration with extrapyramidal disorders, ataxia, and dementia [2].
• We describe the clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging, and molecular studies of a 19-year-old boy with early-onset Leigh disease manifesting as severe extrapyramidal disorder with generalized dystonia and choreoathetosis [3].
• The coexistence of dystonia may constitute a distinctive syndrome of parkinsonism and points to possible etiologic mechanisms shared by these two extrapyramidal disorders [4].
• Most motor disturbances characteristic of extrapyramidal disorders, particularly bradykinesia and dystonia, will compromise the ability to establish the presence of loss of dexterity and deftness that constitutes this subtype [5].

Psychiatry related information on Basal Ganglia Diseases

• Memantine, used as a drug for treatment of spasticity and other extrapyramidal disorders as well as dementia, was shown to prevent brain damage caused by the glutamate (N-methyl-D-aspartate, NMDA) receptor agonist, quinolinic acid [6].

High impact information on Basal Ganglia Diseases

• These findings are related to the effects of estrogen on human extrapyramidal disorders [7].
• Since the piperdine configuration is contained in the molecules of the apomorphine and N-propylnoraporphine, it might be responsible for the antagonism of these drugs to some effects of levodopa in Parkinson disease and for the palliation by apomorphine of some dopamine-mediated symptoms in other extrapyramidal disorders [8].
• Reversible valproate-induced extrapyramidal disorders [9].
• CSF choline levels in groups of patients with cranial trauma or extrapyramidal disorders [10].
• Extrapyramidal disorder and hyperkinesias, the most commonly reported adverse events with antipsychotic use, occurred less frequently with risperidone than haloperidol [11].

Chemical compound and disease context of Basal Ganglia Diseases

• A controlled trial of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders [12].
• It is possible that also manganese, which is known to cause an extrapyramidal disorder resembling Parkinson's disease, causes injury to neuromelanin-bearing neurons due to its melanin affinity [13].
• The neuropathology of GABA neurons in extrapyramidal disorders [14].
• This first description of Russian patients with AR-JP and molecularly proven parkin mutations confirms the widespread occurrence of this polymorphic hereditary extrapyramidal disorder [15].
• Long-term administration of flunarizine should be avoided particularly in the elderly and in patients with extrapyramidal disorders [16].

Biological context of Basal Ganglia Diseases

• Laryngeal dystonia is characterized by stridor due to vocal cord dystonia and is observed in extrapyramidal disorders [17].

Anatomical context of Basal Ganglia Diseases

• In this review we will briefly examine some physiological and pharmacological aspects of the dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic cells of the midbrain in relationship to pathological conditions such as extrapyramidal disorders, mental illness, drug seeking behaviour and epilepsy [18].
• Abnormal cerebral perfusion flow over the basal ganglia or thalami in these patients leads us to believe that PKC is a form of extrapyramidal disorder [19].

Gene context of Basal Ganglia Diseases

• Many PVL patients develop cortical and deep gray neuronal dysfunctions such as epilepsy, cognitive deficits and extrapyramidal disorders [20].
• Prolonged exposure to manganese in mammals may cause an extrapyramidal disorder characterized by dystonia and rigidity [21].
• Essential tremor (ET) is the most prevalent extrapyramidal disorder, yet its diagnosis is still controversial [22].
• Extrapyramidal disorders were more common in elderly population (> 70 years, ID1 3.6, risk 26.0 per 1,000 patients) compared to < 70 years (ID1 1.1, risk 8.4 per 1,000 patients) [23].
• 1. Serum iron parameters were measured in a group of schizophrenic patients who had developed acute neuroleptic-induced dystonia (N = 17) and in control patients with no history of extrapyramidal disorders (N = 16) [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Basal Ganglia Diseases

• Sixteen patients with different extrapyramidal disorders and seven patients with various EEG abnormalities were tested with 2-hour somatostatin infusions and control infusions with saline [25].
• Iodolisuride is a good specific D2 receptor ligand for SPECT and complements specific clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and differentiation between different extrapyramidal disorders [26].

References