High impact information on CCRIS 1452

• Determination of the urinary benzene metabolites S-phenylmercapturic acid and trans,trans-muconic acid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [1].
• Urinary concentrations of catechol (CAT), hydroquinone (HQ), and trans,trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorimetric and UV detection, respectively [2].
• Urinary trans,trans-muconic acid determined by liquid chromatography: application in biological monitoring of benzene exposure [3].
• Environmental exposures to benzene result in increases in body burden that are reflected in various biomarkers of exposure, including benzene in exhaled breath, benzene in blood and urinary trans-trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid [4].
• Since chronic benzene exposure causes acute myeloid leukemia in humans, we aimed to determine the uptake and metabolic activation of benzene from cigarette smoke in smokers by measuring the levels of the urinary benzene metabolite, trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) [5].

Biological context of CCRIS 1452

• Benzene-exposed workers who carried CYP2E1*1/*5 or *5/*5 genotypes excreted slightly higher levels of trans,trans-muconic acid than workers who carried the CYP2E1*1/*1 genotype [6].
• The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an adult nonsmoking population not occupationally exposed to benzene, whether it is possible to detect differences in the urinary concentration of trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) between low and high environmental exposure to benzene [7].
• Preliminary findings from these studies suggest that urinary MA may be a reliable marker of occupational exposure to greater than 5 ppm benzene [8].
• In order to detect the specific chromosomal changes in chromosomes 5, 7, 8, and 21 induced by benzene metabolites, 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT), hydroquinone (HQ), and trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure in the metaphase spread of human lymphocytes was employed [9].

Anatomical context of CCRIS 1452

• In both strains, marrow cells isolated from benzene-exposed mice showed a higher percentage of plated CFU-e surviving culture with BQ, HQ or MA than marrow cells isolated from control mice [10].
• Assessment of trans, trans-muconic acid in human seminal plasma [11].

Associations of CCRIS 1452 with other chemical compounds

• We also showed that MUC is metabolized in vitro to trans,trans-muconic acid (MA), a six-carbon diene dicarboxylic acid and known urinary metabolite of benzene [12].
• In the presence of NAD(+)-fortified ALDH, the mono-oxidation product (acid/aldehyde) was the primary metabolite formed with trace amounts of the dioxidation product (trans,trans-muconic acid) [13].
• Using thin-layer chromatography and high-pressure liquid chromatography techniques, a product with polarity intermediate between that of the dialdehyde trans,trans-muconaldehyde and the diacid trans,trans-muconic acid (MA) was detected in the ALDH incubation mixtures [14].
• N-benzoyl, L-glutamic acid as a suitable internal standard for the analysis of trans,trans-muconic acid in human urine by liquid chromatography [15].
• Bone marrow cells from benzene-exposed and untreated mice were cultured with one of five benzene metabolites: 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), catechol (C), hydroquinone (HQ), muconic acid (MA) or phenol (P) and the abilities of these cells to produce erythroid (CFU-e) or granulocyte/macrophage colonies (GM-CFU-c) were assessed [10].

Gene context of CCRIS 1452

• TMA/blood benzene ratio was partially modulated by glutathione S-transferase (GST) genotypes, with significantly higher values in null individuals (GSTM1 and GSTT1 combined) [16].
• In this study, NQO1 and GSTT1 genotypes did not have any effect on the levels of trans,trans-muconic acid [6].
• Failure of urinary trans,trans-muconic acid as a biomarker for indoor environmental benzene exposure at PPB levels [7].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of CCRIS 1452

• Recent studies have shown that trans,trans-muconic acid, a minor metabolite of benzene can be determined using HPLC with UV detection [17].
• Following perfusion with MUC (a microsomal hematotoxic metabolite of benzene), trans,trans-muconic acid and three other MUC metabolites were detected in the perfusate extract, suggesting that these metabolites would be present in the circulation following metabolism of MUC [18].

References