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Gene Review

bar-1  -  Protein BAR-1

Caenorhabditis elegans

 
 
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High impact information on beta-catenin

  • In this issue of Cell, Kidd and colleagues (Kidd et al., 2005) describe their identification of a novel beta-catenin that functions in noncanonical C. elegans Wnt signaling pathways to specify the different fates of daughter cells produced by asymmetric cell division [1].
  • Phosphorylation by the beta-catenin/MAPK complex promotes 14-3-3-mediated nuclear export of TCF/POP-1 in signal-responsive cells in C. elegans [2].
  • Although the beta-catenin WRM-1 is required for POP-1 downregulation, a direct interaction between these two proteins does not seem to be required, as the beta-catenin-interacting domain of POP-1 is dispensable for both POP-1 downregulation and function in early embryos [2].
  • beta-Catenin regulates cell adhesion and cellular differentiation during development, and misregulation of beta-catenin contributes to numerous forms of cancer in humans [3].
  • We show here that either mutation of pry-1 or expression of an activated BAR-1 beta-catenin protein causes an Overinduced phenotype, in which greater than three VPCs adopt induced cell fates [4].
 

Biological context of beta-catenin

  • Asymmetric cortical and nuclear localizations of WRM-1/beta-catenin during asymmetric cell division in C. elegans [5].
  • Therefore, although their mutant phenotypes and protein interaction patterns strongly suggest that the functions of beta-catenin in other species have been segregated among three diverged proteins in C. elegans, these proteins still retain sufficient similarity to display functional redundancy in vivo [6].
  • Here we show that BAR-1, like vertebrate beta-catenin, has redundant transcription activation domains in its amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions but that HMP-2 and WRM-1 also possess the ability to activate transcription [6].
  • Functional interaction between beta-catenin and FOXO in oxidative stress signaling [7].
  • In sop-1 mutants, pal-1 is activated by a pathway that is stimulated by bar-1/beta-catenin, a component of the Wnt signal transduction pathway [8].
 

Anatomical context of beta-catenin

 

Associations of beta-catenin with chemical compounds

 

Regulatory relationships of beta-catenin

  • The beta-catenin homolog BAR-1 and LET-60 Ras coordinately regulate the Hox gene lin-39 during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development [14].
  • Here we report that POP-1/TCF and SYS-1/beta-catenin directly activate transcription of ceh-22/nkx2.5 isoforms in SGP distal daughters, a finding that confirms the proposed model of Wnt/MAPK signaling [15].
 

Other interactions of beta-catenin

  • NHR-25 knockdown restores DTC formation and fertility in pop-1 and sys-1 mutants, suggesting that a balance between NHR-25 and beta-catenin pathway activities is required to establish both proximal and distal fates [9].
  • We have found that a second Wnt pathway gene, bar-1, which encodes a beta-catenin/Armadillo-like protein, is also required for activation of mab-5 expression in QL [16].
  • Furthermore, we found that the let-19 and dpy-22 mutants were defective in the fusion of the Pn.p cell, a process that is regulated by bar-1/beta-catenin [17].
  • We report here that mammalian LIN-7 PDZ proteins form a complex with cadherin and beta-catenin in epithelia and neurons [12].

References

  1. Advocating asymmetry and the POP-1 paradox: noncanonical Wnt signaling in C. elegans. Bowerman, B. Cell (2005) [Pubmed]
  2. Phosphorylation by the beta-catenin/MAPK complex promotes 14-3-3-mediated nuclear export of TCF/POP-1 in signal-responsive cells in C. elegans. Lo, M.C., Gay, F., Odom, R., Shi, Y., Lin, R. Cell (2004) [Pubmed]
  3. Wnt signaling drives WRM-1/beta-catenin asymmetries in early C. elegans embryos. Nakamura, K., Kim, S., Ishidate, T., Bei, Y., Pang, K., Shirayama, M., Trzepacz, C., Brownell, D.R., Mello, C.C. Genes Dev. (2005) [Pubmed]
  4. Activation of Wnt signaling bypasses the requirement for RTK/Ras signaling during C. elegans vulval induction. Gleason, J.E., Korswagen, H.C., Eisenmann, D.M. Genes Dev. (2002) [Pubmed]
  5. Asymmetric cortical and nuclear localizations of WRM-1/beta-catenin during asymmetric cell division in C. elegans. Takeshita, H., Sawa, H. Genes Dev. (2005) [Pubmed]
  6. The divergent Caenorhabditis elegans beta-catenin proteins BAR-1, WRM-1 and HMP-2 make distinct protein interactions but retain functional redundancy in vivo. Natarajan, L., Witwer, N.E., Eisenmann, D.M. Genetics (2001) [Pubmed]
  7. Functional interaction between beta-catenin and FOXO in oxidative stress signaling. Essers, M.A., de Vries-Smits, L.M., Barker, N., Polderman, P.E., Burgering, B.M., Korswagen, H.C. Science (2005) [Pubmed]
  8. A C. elegans mediator protein confers regulatory selectivity on lineage-specific expression of a transcription factor gene. Zhang, H., Emmons, S.W. Genes Dev. (2000) [Pubmed]
  9. Crosstalk between a nuclear receptor and beta-catenin signaling decides cell fates in the C. elegans somatic gonad. Asahina, M., Valenta, T., Silhankova, M., Korinek, V., Jindra, M. Dev. Cell (2006) [Pubmed]
  10. The cell junction protein VAB-9 regulates adhesion and epidermal morphology in C. elegans. Simske, J.S., Köppen, M., Sims, P., Hodgkin, J., Yonkof, A., Hardin, J. Nat. Cell Biol. (2003) [Pubmed]
  11. The Caenorhabditis elegans APC-related gene apr-1 is required for epithelial cell migration and Hox gene expression. Hoier, E.F., Mohler, W.A., Kim, S.K., Hajnal, A. Genes Dev. (2000) [Pubmed]
  12. Mammalian LIN-7 PDZ proteins associate with beta-catenin at the cell-cell junctions of epithelia and neurons. Perego, C., Vanoni, C., Massari, S., Longhi, R., Pietrini, G. EMBO J. (2000) [Pubmed]
  13. LIN-23-mediated degradation of beta-catenin regulates the abundance of GLR-1 glutamate receptors in the ventral nerve cord of C. elegans. Dreier, L., Burbea, M., Kaplan, J.M. Neuron (2005) [Pubmed]
  14. The beta-catenin homolog BAR-1 and LET-60 Ras coordinately regulate the Hox gene lin-39 during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development. Eisenmann, D.M., Maloof, J.N., Simske, J.S., Kenyon, C., Kim, S.K. Development (1998) [Pubmed]
  15. Wnt signaling and CEH-22/tinman/Nkx2.5 specify a stem cell niche in C. elegans. Lam, N., Chesney, M.A., Kimble, J. Curr. Biol. (2006) [Pubmed]
  16. A Wnt signaling pathway controls hox gene expression and neuroblast migration in C. elegans. Maloof, J.N., Whangbo, J., Harris, J.M., Jongeward, G.D., Kenyon, C. Development (1999) [Pubmed]
  17. Components of the transcriptional Mediator complex are required for asymmetric cell division in C. elegans. Yoda, A., Kouike, H., Okano, H., Sawa, H. Development (2005) [Pubmed]
 
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