Disease relevance of BOLL

• Its role in spermatogenesis is supported by its exclusive expression in testis, its deletion in a high percentage of males with azoospermia or severe oligospermia, and its homology with a Drosophila male infertility gene boule [1].
• Their role in spermatogenesis is supported by their homology with a Drosophila male infertility gene boule and sterility of Daz11 knock-out mice [2].
• The involvement of both DAZ and DAZLA in spermatogenesis is suggested by their testis-specific expression and their homology with a Drosophila male infertility gene, boule [3].
• The mean urethral caliber of 250 women undergoing cystoscopy to stage cancer of the cervix was 22F, as measured by the bougie à boule [4].
• Organic stenosis of the urethra was not detected by bougie à boule [5].

Psychiatry related information on BOLL

• Risk contexts and risk behaviors in the Euregion Maas-Rhein: the Boule de Neige intervention for AIDS prevention among drug users [6].

High impact information on BOLL

• Thus, regulatory interactions among Modulo, Boule, and the meiotic-arrest genes integrate meiosis and spermatid differentiation in the male germ line [7].
• In addition, in nearly all biopsies in which BOULE was absent, CDC25A was concomitantly lacking [8].
• BOULE protein expression in men with complete spermatogenesis can be restricted to stages from leptotene up to stages of late spermatocytes, whereas CDC25A expression ranges from leptotene spermatocytes to elongating spermatids [8].
• Although spermatocytes were present in all testicular biopsies with meiotic arrest (28 testes), BOULE protein expression was completely lacking [8].
• Recent studies in flies demonstrate that the BOULE gene encodes a key factor of meiosis in male germ cells, regulating the expression of twine, a cdc25 phosphatase, which promotes progression through meiosis [8].

Biological context of BOLL

• Ninety-seven patients who did not respond to these conventional treatments were investigated by voiding cystourethrography, bougie à boule, and urodynamic study [9].
• We determined the levels of BOULE transcripts in the testes of azoospermic patients, and evaluated the relationship between BOULE transcript levels and patients' testicular phenotypes, clinical parameters and sperm retrieval results [10].

Other interactions of BOLL

• Finally, catarrhine primates possess BOULE, DAZL, and DAZ genes [11].
• Interaction of the conserved meiotic regulators, BOULE (BOL) and PUMILIO-2 (PUM2) [12].
• Meiosis alone may require several hundred genes, including homologs of the BOULE (BOL) and PUMILIO (PUM) gene families [12].
• Freezing of shoulder flexion impeding boule throwing: a form of task-specific focal dystonia in petanque players [13].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of BOLL

• Although the sample size is limited, no compensatory increase of DAZL or BOULE transcription was found in men with DAZ deletion [14].
• We examined, by immunohistochemistry, BOULE and CDC25A phosphatase protein, the human homolog of twine, expression in 47 men with meiotic arrest, mixed atrophy, or normal spermatogenesis [8].

References