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Gene Review:

NDR1 - protein NDR1

Arabidopsis thaliana

Synonyms: NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE PROTEIN, non race-specific disease resistance 1

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High impact information on NDR1

NDR1, a pathogen-induced component required for Arabidopsis disease resistance [1].
In Arabidopsis thaliana, resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, mediated by several R gene products, requires the NDR1 gene [1].
Positional cloning was used to isolate NDR1, which encodes a 660-base pair open reading frame [1].
NDR1 Interaction with RIN4 Mediates the Differential Activation of Multiple Disease Resistance Pathways in Arabidopsis [2].
Through epistatic analyses, cpr22-mediated enhanced resistance to pathogens was found to require NDR1-dependent and EDS1/PAD4-dependent pathways [3].

Biological context of NDR1

In contrast, siz1 plants were not resistant to Pst DC3000 expressing avrRpm1, a bacterial avirulence determinant that responds to the NDR1-dependent CC-NBS-type R gene [4].
NDR1 is a plasma membrane (PM)-localized protein, and undergoes several post-translational modifications including carboxy-terminal processing and N-linked glycosylation [5].
This systemic up-regulation is missing in the SAR-defective SA pathway mutants sid2 and npr1, as well as in the defense mutant ndr1, indicating a close correlation between systemic FMO1 expression and SAR establishment [6].
NDR1, another component of R signaling, also contributes to the control of plant cell death [7].
The Arabidopsis genome contains a family of NDR1/HIN1-like (NHL) genes that show homology to the nonrace-specific disease resistance (NDR1) and the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) harpin-induced (HIN1) genes [8].

Associations of NDR1 with chemical compounds

These results demonstrate that NDR1, EDS1, and PAD4 mediate other resistance signaling function(s) in addition to salicylic acid and pathogenesis-related protein accumulation [3].
Spermine, a novel inducer of tobacco PR (pathogenesis-related) genes, was found to up-regulate expression of NHL3, NHL10 and NDR1 [9].

Regulatory relationships of NDR1

Thus, RIN4 acts either cooperatively, downstream, or independently of NDR1 to negatively regulate RPS2 in the absence of pathogen [10].

Other interactions of NDR1

Silencing of NDR1, RAR1 and HSP90, known to be required for the RPS2-mediated resistance, resulted in loss of the resistance, while silencing of EDS1 and SGT1b, which are not required for the RPS2-mediated resistance, caused no change of the resistance [11].
Here, we demonstrate that unlike most CC-NBS-LRR R genes, HRT/rrt-mediated resistance is dependent on EDS1 and independent of NDR1 [12].
Our results suggest that RPP4-mediated resistance is developmentally regulated and that in cotyledons there is cross-talk between EDS1 and NDR1 signalling and processes regulating systemic acquired resistance [13].
Expression analysis of eight of these genes identified two (NHL25 and NHL3 for NDR1/HIN1-like) that show pathogen-dependent mRNA accumulation [14].
Green fluorescent protein-fusion experiments indicated that NHL2 and NHL10, and possibly NDR1 are localized in the chloroplasts [9].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of NDR1

Sequence analysis and mass spectrometry suggest that NDR1 is localized to the PM via a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchor [5].
GPI modification would potentially place NDR1 on the outer surface of the PM, perhaps allowing NDR1 to act as a transducer of pathogen signals and/or interact directly with the pathogen [5].

References

NDR1, a pathogen-induced component required for Arabidopsis disease resistance. Century, K.S., Shapiro, A.D., Repetti, P.P., Dahlbeck, D., Holub, E., Staskawicz, B.J. Science (1997) [Pubmed]
NDR1 Interaction with RIN4 Mediates the Differential Activation of Multiple Disease Resistance Pathways in Arabidopsis. Day, B., Dahlbeck, D., Staskawicz, B.J. Plant Cell (2006) [Pubmed]
The chimeric Arabidopsis CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED ION CHANNEL11/12 activates multiple pathogen resistance responses. Yoshioka, K., Moeder, W., Kang, H.G., Kachroo, P., Masmoudi, K., Berkowitz, G., Klessig, D.F. Plant Cell (2006) [Pubmed]
Salicylic acid-mediated innate immunity in Arabidopsis is regulated by SIZ1 SUMO E3 ligase. Lee, J., Nam, J., Park, H.C., Na, G., Miura, K., Jin, J.B., Yoo, C.Y., Baek, D., Kim, D.H., Jeong, J.C., Kim, D., Lee, S.Y., Salt, D.E., Mengiste, T., Gong, Q., Ma, S., Bohnert, H.J., Kwak, S.S., Bressan, R.A., Hasegawa, P.M., Yun, D.J. Plant J. (2007) [Pubmed]
Overexpression of the plasma membrane-localized NDR1 protein results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Coppinger, P., Repetti, P.P., Day, B., Dahlbeck, D., Mehlert, A., Staskawicz, B.J. Plant J. (2004) [Pubmed]
The Arabidopsis flavin-dependent monooxygenase FMO1 is an essential component of biologically induced systemic acquired resistance. Mishina, T.E., Zeier, J. Plant Physiol. (2006) [Pubmed]
The disease resistance signaling components EDS1 and PAD4 are essential regulators of the cell death pathway controlled by LSD1 in Arabidopsis. Rustérucci, C., Aviv, D.H., Holt, B.F., Dangl, J.L., Parker, J.E. Plant Cell (2001) [Pubmed]
The Arabidopsis NHL3 gene encodes a plasma membrane protein and its overexpression correlates with increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Varet, A., Hause, B., Hause, G., Scheel, D., Lee, J. Plant Physiol. (2003) [Pubmed]
Up-regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana NHL10 in the hypersensitive response to Cucumber mosaic virus infection and in senescing leaves is controlled by signalling pathways that differ in salicylate involvement. Zheng, M.S., Takahashi, H., Miyazaki, A., Hamamoto, H., Shah, J., Yamaguchi, I., Kusano, T. Planta (2004) [Pubmed]
Arabidopsis RIN4 negatively regulates disease resistance mediated by RPS2 and RPM1 downstream or independent of the NDR1 signal modulator and is not required for the virulence functions of bacterial type III effectors AvrRpt2 or AvrRpm1. Belkhadir, Y., Nimchuk, Z., Hubert, D.A., Mackey, D., Dangl, J.L. Plant Cell (2004) [Pubmed]
Development of a Virus-Induced Gene-Silencing System for Functional Analysis of the RPS2-Dependent Resistance Signalling Pathways in Arabidopsis. Cai, X.Z., Xu, Q.F., Wang, C.C., Zheng, Z. Plant Mol. Biol. (2006) [Pubmed]
Signaling requirements and role of salicylic acid in HRT- and rrt-mediated resistance to turnip crinkle virus in Arabidopsis. Chandra-Shekara, A.C., Navarre, D., Kachroo, A., Kang, H.G., Klessig, D., Kachroo, P. Plant J. (2004) [Pubmed]
Arabidopsis RPP4 is a member of the RPP5 multigene family of TIR-NB-LRR genes and confers downy mildew resistance through multiple signalling components. van der Biezen, E.A., Freddie, C.T., Kahn, K., Parker, J.E., Jones, J.D. Plant J. (2002) [Pubmed]
NHL25 and NHL3, two NDR1/HIN1-1ike genes in Arabidopsis thaliana with potential role(s) in plant defense. Varet, A., Parker, J., Tornero, P., Nass, N., Nürnberger, T., Dangl, J.L., Scheel, D., Lee, J. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. (2002) [Pubmed]

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