Disease relevance of Genes, vpr

• The tomato disease resistance (R) gene Pto specifies race-specific resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato carrying the avrPto gene [1].
• The N gene for resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a member of the Toll-interleukin receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR class of plant disease resistance (R) genes that recognizes the helicase domain from the TMV replicase [2].
• We investigated the DNA of 29 unrelated pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency (PKD) patients from Central Europe with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia for mutations in the PK-L/R gene [3].
• Besides, the treatment of Fc gamma RII(-) thymoma cells BW5147 with 5-azacytidine induced a hypomethylation of the beta Fc gamma R gene concomitantly with the transcription of that gene as seen by Northern blotting and the expression of functional Fc gamma RII [4].
• SLH1 is identical to the R gene RRS1-R of the Arabidopsis ecotype Nd-1, a gene which confers resistance to the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000 and also functions as an R gene to this pathogen in No-0 [5].

High impact information on Genes, vpr

• Barley Rar1 is a convergence point in the signaling of resistance to powdery mildew, triggered by multiple race-specific resistance (R) genes [6].
• We recently discovered that an inactivating point mutation in the FSH receptor (R) gene causes a recessively inherited form of hypergonadotropic ovarian failure in homozygous females [7].
• The maize C1 gene, which also encodes a Myb homolog, activates both the A1 and Bz1 genes, but only in the presence of a basic-helix-loop-helix coactivator encoded by the maize genes R or B [8].
• In mice there are four R genes (encoding RI alpha, RI beta, RII alpha, and RII beta) and two C gene (encoding C alpha and C beta), expressed in tissue-specific patterns [9].
• Lending support to this idea, the solvent-exposed amino acid residues of leucine-rich repeats, a region of R-genes involved in recognizing pathogens, often evolve at unusually fast rates [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Genes, vpr

• To address this question, we have compared R genes from Glycine max (soybean), Rpg1-b, and Arabidopsis thaliana, RPM1, that mediate recognition of the same type III effector protein from Pseudomonas syringae, AvrB [11].
• The R gene coding for phage lambda lysozyme (lambda L), cloned under the control of the PL promoter on a multicopy vector, is expressed in an Escherichia coli strain auxotrophic for tryptophan [12].

Biological context of Genes, vpr

• AtRAR1 is required for both full hypersensitive cell death and complete disease resistance mediated by many, but not all, tested R genes [13].
• Arabidopsis RPS4 belongs to the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-nucleotide binding site (NBS)-Leu-rich repeat (LRR) class of disease resistance (R) genes [14].
• Deletions of this R gene in snc1 reverted the plants to wild-type morphology and completely abolished constitutive PR gene expression and disease resistance [15].
• Our data suggest a dramatic rearrangement of R gene loci between related species and implies a different mechanism for nucleotide binding site plus leucine-rich repeat gene evolution compared with the rest of the monocot genome [16].
• In this study, we have investigated the mechanism involved in cell-type-specific PDGF alpha R gene expression during early embryonic development [17].

Anatomical context of Genes, vpr

• The R gene product, a transglycosylase, is released through the pore to the periplasm, resulting in destruction of the peptidoglycan and bursting of the cell [18].
• Differential effects of interferon-gamma and glucocorticoids on Fc gamma R gene expression in murine macrophages [19].
• In perspective, viral PDGF beta R gene transfer to keratinocytes may be a useful approach in studies of receptor tyrosine kinase mediated skin repair and epithelialization [20].
• The timing of lysis depends upon gene t and upon one or more rapid-lysis (r) genes whose inactivation prevents lysis inhibition. t encodes a holin that mediates the movement of the T4 endolysin though the inner cell membrane to its target, the cell wall [21].
• Regulated transcription of the maize Bronze-2 promoter in electroporated protoplasts requires the C1 and R gene products [22].

Associations of Genes, vpr with chemical compounds

• Although the predicted RPW8.1 and RPW8.2 proteins are different from the previously characterized R proteins, they induce localized, salicylic acid-dependent defenses similar to those induced by R genes that control specific resistance [23].
• The rps5-1 mutation causes a glutamate-to-lysine substitution in the third LRR and partially compromises the function of several R genes that confer bacterial and downy mildew resistance [24].
• In ethyl methanesulfonate-treated cells, the beta Fc gamma R gene was remethylated and the corresponding transcript was no more detectable [4].
• Both alpha Fc gamma R gene transcripts and corresponding protein products became detectable in 5-azacytidine-treated cells [25].
• The 'S' and 'R' genes are identical in nucleotide sequence except for an A to G transition, predicting a Ser to Gly change at codon 264 [26].

Gene context of Genes, vpr

• In Arabidopsis thaliana, resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, mediated by several R gene products, requires the NDR1 gene [27].
• Despite this function, RPM1 encodes a protein sharing molecular features with recently described single-specificity R genes [28].
• In Arabidopsis thaliana, EDS1 is indispensable for the function of these R genes [29].
• CONCLUSION: The results of the present study support the hypothesis that there is an association between the TNFRII 196 M/R gene polymorphism and the functional severity of early RA [30].
• The characterization of RPS4 presented here thus establishes a role for TIR-NBS-LRR R genes in resistance to bacterial pathogens, and provides evidence for the model that dependence of R genes on EDS1 is determined by R protein structure, and not by pathogen type [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Genes, vpr

• We used conserved domains in the major class (nucleotide binding site plus leucine-rich repeat) of dicot resistance (R) genes to isolate related gene fragments via PCR from the monocot species rice and barley [16].
• Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that the R gene RPP1, which mediates resistance in leaves of accession Ws-0 to the H. parasitica isolate NOCO, was expressed in leaves as well as in roots [32].
• Southern blot analysis demonstrated a single copy of choline kinase R gene [33].

References