Disease relevance of Perimenopause

• In conclusion, the perimenopause is associated with elevated bone resorption rates and declining BMD, and factors in addition to estrogen deficiency may also contribute to the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis [1].
• It was concluded that a close association exists between increasing irregularity of menstrual cycles, hot flashes, declining estradiol levels, and declining frequency of intercourse during the perimenopause [2].

Psychiatry related information on Perimenopause

• Changes in DHEA-S levels, depressive symptoms, and the relationship of other hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis need to be better understood in premenopausal women approaching perimenopause [3].
• The authors investigate similarities and differences in affective symptoms associated with reproductive-related gonadal steroid changes that span the life cycle of women, including the menstrual cycle, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, the postpartum period, and perimenopause [4].

High impact information on Perimenopause

• Estradiol levels remain relatively unchanged or tend to rise with age until the onset of the transition and are usually well preserved until the late perimenopause, presumably in response to the elevated FSH levels [5].
• CONCLUSIONS: Women with first onset depression during the perimenopause are not distinguished from controls on the basis of basal hormone measures of ovarian estrogens, testosterone, or gonadotropins [6].
• METHODS: We performed a questionnaire study of women with epilepsy currently in menopause and perimenopause, requesting information regarding the course of their epilepsy and treatment [7].
• The effect of menopause and perimenopause on the course of epilepsy [7].
• Decrease in melatonin precedes follicle-stimulating hormone increase during perimenopause [8].

Biological context of Perimenopause

• PYD and DPD do not follow this pattern, but change significantly with time during perimenopause to then remain largely unchanged in early postmenopause [9].
• It is accepted that a close link exists between the pineal gland, MEL, and human reproduction and that a relationship exists between adenohypophyseal and steroid hormones and MEL during the ovarian cycle, perimenopause, and menopause [10].
• We propose that changes in levels of estrogen are associated with sex differences in learning as well as changes in affect prior to menses, immediately after pregnancy and during perimenopause and the menopausal transition [11].

Anatomical context of Perimenopause

• Central nervous system pathways that mediate mood, cognition, and energy are influenced by fluctuations of circulating estrogen during perimenopause [12].

Associations of Perimenopause with chemical compounds

• It is concluded that the appearance of high levels of FSH and LH is characteristic of the perimenopause and often precedes the sustained loss of sex hormone secretion by the ageing ovary [13].
• These data show that perimenopause either before or during short-term estrogen therapy is associated with enhanced cardiovascular reactivity to caffeine [14].
• Perimenopause is characterized by decreasing levels of estrogens and progesterone until gonadal secretion comes to a complete halt [15].
• The pyridinium crosslinks indicated an increased collagen degradation rate already in the perimenopause (PYD, p=0.017; DPD, p=0.054) [16].
• Changes unique to perimenopause status include sleep, sex difficulties, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorous, and thyroxine [17].

Gene context of Perimenopause

• All follow-up cognitive scores in women who entered perimenopause were slightly better than baseline measures except for Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, which decreased by 0.23 (S.D. = 2.9, p = 0.3) [18].
• Managing PMS and perimenopause symptoms. The role of compounded medications [19].
• Morning levels of serum melatonin, FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL), progesterone and estradiol were studied by RIA during the ovarian cycle, perimenopause and menopause in 79 healthy women [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Perimenopause

• PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to obtain preliminary information about the effect of menopause and perimenopause on the course of epilepsy, and to determine whether seizure type, use of hormone-replacement therapy (HRT), or a history of catamenial seizure pattern would influence this course [7].

References