Psychiatry related information on Reinforcement (Psychology)

• These results suggest that smoking cues have no effect on the positive reinforcement of nicotine consumption, and that cognitive factors play a primary role in the development and maintenance of tobacco dependence [1].

High impact information on Reinforcement (Psychology)

• Mu opioid receptors mediate positive reinforcement following direct (morphine) or indirect (alcohol, cannabinoids, nicotine) activation, and our understanding of mu receptor function is central to the development of addiction therapies [2].
• Movement, cognition, emotion, and positive reinforcement are influenced by mesostriatal, mesocortical, and mesolimbic dopamine systems [3].
• Drosophila carrying the X-linked mutation dunce (dnc) showed poor learning in a negative reinforcement olfactory conditioning paradigm (Dudai, Y., Y.-N. Jan, D. Byers, W.G. Quinn, and S. Benzer (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73: 1684-1688) [4].
• CONCLUSIONS: The data are compatible with the clinical findings and suggest that the reduction in ethanol consumption by alcoholics following naltrexone administration may occur because of greater subjective intoxication, greater aversive effects, or less positive reinforcement from ethanol [5].
• It would seem then that the Opponent Process Theory has provided a useful conceptual framework for the study of the behavioral consequences of self-administered cocaine including the notion that both positive and negative reinforcement mechanisms are involved in the development and maintenance of cocaine abuse [6].

Chemical compound and disease context of Reinforcement (Psychology)

• Overall, these data are consistent with a negative reinforcement model of caffeine reinforcement, and demonstrate further the utility of the conditioned flavour preference method for evaluating reinforcing effects of drugs in humans [7].
• DSP4 and Herrnstein's equation: further evidence for a role of noradrenaline in the maintenance of operant behaviour by positive reinforcement [8].
• Effects of acamprosate on conditioned negative reinforcement may be the cause of this effect, but more work is required to establish the usefulness of this model in evaluation of anti-relapse drugs [9].
• In positive reinforcement experiments a rat was rewarded by glucose or ICSS only when it licked a spout presented in front of its mouth [10].
• The interaction between pimozide (a selective D2-dopamine receptor antagonist) and d-amphetamine on the operant performance of rats maintained under variable-interval schedules of positive reinforcement was examined [11].

Anatomical context of Reinforcement (Psychology)

• In recent years, considerable emphasis has been placed upon the putative role of nucleus accumbens dopamine systems in appetitive motivation and positive reinforcement [12].
• Taken together, the results are consistent with data indicating that activation of neurotensin receptors in the ventral mesencephalon stimulates dopamine cell firing and axonal dopamine release in limbic terminal fields and suggest that endogenous neurotensin is involved in the control of behavior motivated by positive reinforcement [13].
• The alpha 2-adrenergic agonists, such as clonidine and guanabenz, act to block noradrenergic activity in the locus coeruleus and therefore block the negative reinforcement of opioid withdrawal [14].

Gene context of Reinforcement (Psychology)

• RESULTS: Main effects for Cue exposure but not Prime were found for the DAQ total and the subscales Mild desires (positively reinforcing items) and Strong desires/intentions but not Negative reinforcement (negatively reinforcing items) and Controllability; however, there was no interaction [15].
• We explore the concept of impulsivity and its relation with the neurotransmitter serotonin in the context of aggressive behavior and behavior associated with positive reinforcement using a knockout mouse that lacks one of the serotonin receptors, the 5-HT1B receptor [16].
• The most support was found for the hypothesis that e PKU subjects are more emotional which would account for a disruption in performance following negative reinforcement, and difficulty in changing an initial or a learned response pattern [17].
• Sixty fourth-grade children were given two different series of the Porteus Maze Test. The first series was given as a baseline, and the second series was administered under one of four different experimental conditions: control, response cost, positive reinforcement, or negative verbal feedback [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Reinforcement (Psychology)

• Recent work has begun to define the neurocircuits responsible for the two major sources of reinforcement key to animal models of excessive ethanol intake: positive and negative reinforcement [19].
• Paralleling their effects on pain, DAGO and U50,488 elevated and reduced, respectively, lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation threshold for positive reinforcement [20].

References