Disease relevance of Pubic Symphysis

• Studies in RLX-deficient mice (Rlx-/-) demonstrate that although females give birth to live young without apparent dystocia, the pubic symphysis is not elongated, and they have abnormal cervical and vaginal morphology [1].
• Octreotide scanning in the detection of a mesenchymal tumour in the pubic symphysis causing hypophosphataemic osteomalacia [2].
• There are similarities between the actions of estrogen and relaxin on the connective tissues of the pubic symphysis and those of neutral proteases on cartilage in osteoarthritis, including cartilage hydration, proteoglycan loss, and dissolution of collagen fibers [3].

High impact information on Pubic Symphysis

• Relaxin, a peptide hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during pregnancy, exerts actions on reproductive tissues such as the pubic symphysis, uterus, and cervix [4].
• Whole relaxins shortened at the NH2 terminus of the A-chain by 4 or more amino acid residues are biologically inactive in the mouse pubic symphysis assay (Büllesbach, E. E., and Schwabe, C. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 5998-6004) [5].
• It is concluded that relaxin has a potent effect on the amount of collagen in the rat pubic symphysis that is enhanced by estrogen and antagonized by progesterone [6].
• The changes in the extracellular matrix within the pubic symphysis induced by relaxin may be important in the modifications that this tissue undergoes during pregnancy [6].
• Relaxin-dependent adenosine 6',5'-monophosphate concentration changes in the mouse pubic symphysis [7].

Biological context of Pubic Symphysis

• During the 5 days prior to parturition the length and hydroxyproline content of the pubic symphysis increase threefold [8].

Anatomical context of Pubic Symphysis

• On average, the proximal end of the ilioinguinal nerve entered the abdominal wall 3.1 cm medial and 3.7 cm inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine, then followed a linear course to terminate 2.7 cm lateral to the midline and 1.7 cm superior to pubic symphysis [9].
• OUTCOME VARIABLES: Pubic symphysis gapping, sacroiliac joint gapping, hemipelvis coronal plane rotation [10].
• The approach involves a transverse skin incision 2 cm above the pubic symphysis followed by a midline split of the rectus abdominis [11].
• Relaxin and beta-estradiol plus relaxin induced the MMPs collagenase-1 and stromelysin-1 in fibrocartilaginous explants--a finding similar to that which we observed in pubic symphysis fibrocartilage, but not in articular cartilage explants [12].
• Two trocars are inserted, one in the umbilicus under direct vision and one in the midline above the pubic symphysis [13].

Associations of Pubic Symphysis with chemical compounds

• The amount of cAMP in the pubic symphyses of estrogen-primed mice increases after injection of the hormone relaxin [7].
• Of the nine athletes treated in this manner, only one resumed symptom-free activity after 16 weeks of therapy; eight remained symptomatic and subsequently received a corticosteroid injection (1 ml 1% lidocaine, 1 ml 0.25% bupivacaine, and 4 mg dexamethasone) into the pubic symphysis [14].
• Octreotide scanning was used in this case and detected a mesenchymal tumour in the pubic symphysis [2].

Gene context of Pubic Symphysis

• Relaxin administration did not increase the level of cAMP in a non-target tissue such as liver, nor could an increase in cAMP in the pubic symphysis be elicited by injection of insulin, a protein of similar size and structure, or glucagon, a known stimulator of liver cAMP levels [7].
• Two variant forms of porcine relaxin (B and C) are active in producing relaxation of the guinea pig pubic symphysis and in effecting uterine growth in rats [15].
• A midline symphysotomy was made through the cartilaginous pubic symphysis in three groups and repaired using two figure-of-eight sutures (size 0) placed through the cartilaginous pubis using polypropylene, braided polyester, or polyglactin [16].
• The OPEN group underwent a midline incision from xiphoid to pubic symphysis, which was clipped closed after 20 min [17].
• Our three cases are presented to increase awareness of pubic symphysis fractures as a cause for groin pain, especially in patients with osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis [18].

References