Disease relevance of metformin

• Lactic acidosis associated with Glucophage use in a man with normal renal and hepatic function [1].
• We report a patient who developed cholestatic jaundice shortly after initiation of treatment with metformin hydrochloride [2].
• Metformin hydrochloride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical review with a focus on dual therapy [3].
• Combination therapy using insulin plus metformin (Glucophage), a sulfonylurea, or both produces glycemic control comparable with using insulin alone, but there is less weight gain when metformin is used (strength of recommendation [SOR]: B, based on systematic review of randomized controlled trials [RCTs] with some heterogeneity) [4].
• Psoriasiform drug eruption associated with metformin hydrochloride: a case report [5].

High impact information on metformin

• The limit of detection is about 0.1 mg (6.0 X 10(-7) mol) of metformin hydrochloride per liter [6].
• Metformin (Glucophage) inhibits tyrosine phosphatase activity to stimulate the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase [7].
• METHODS: Primary research and review articles were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966-May 2003) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2003) using the terms metformin and/or Glucophage [3].
• In contrast to conventional extended-release metformin tablets reported in the literature, these gastric-retentive tablets showed extended-release plasma concentration profiles of metformin hydrochloride and increased bioavailability compared with the immediate-release tablet [8].
• The single-dose pharmacokinetics of two gastric-retentive, extended-release tablet formulations of metformin hydrochloride in fed, healthy volunteers were compared with those of the currently marketed immediate-release metformin hydrochloride product [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of metformin

• A simple elementary osmotic pump (EOP) system that could deliver metformin hydrochloride (MT) and glipizide (GZ) simultaneously for extended periods of time was developed in order to reduce the problems associated with multidrug therapy of type 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [9].

Biological context of metformin

• Prospectively, from pretreatment to the last preconception visit on Glucophage, in 30 women who subsequently had live births, PAI-1 activity fell 44%, but rose 19% in 23 women with first-trimester miscarriage (P = .03) [10].
• The objective of this work was to demonstrate the bioequivalence of two marketed IR tablet products of a Class III drug, metformin hydrochloride, that are rapidly dissolving and have similar in vitro dissolution profiles [11].
• Metformin hydrochloride (320 mg/kg/day for 14 days in the drinking water) significantly reduced 24 hour food intake both after one and two weeks treatment in obese rats [12].
• The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of metformin hydrochloride are reviewed [13].
• The results show that the enteric-coated insulin capsules produced the same results as the glucophage tablets with respect to Cmax, AUC and relative hypoglycaemia [14].

Anatomical context of metformin

• Oral absorption of the antihyperglycaemic agent metformin hydrochloride (MF-HCl) is confined to the upper part of the intestine, therefore rational controlled-release formulations of this drug should ensure a complete release during transit from stomach to jejunum [15].
• Restricted delivery of metformin hydrochloride to the small intestine from differently coated pellets resulted in increased relative bioavailability and a sustained release effect [16].

Associations of metformin with other chemical compounds

• Beyond its antidiabetic activity justifying its use in the treatment of the type 2 diabetes, metformin (MET [dimethylguanidine, Glucophage]) has been shown to exhibit antioxidant properties in vitro, which could contribute to limit the deleterious vascular complications of diabetes [17].
• The combination of glucophage and doanil tablets resulted in synergistic effect producing 59 +/- 9.27% reduction in plasma glucose levels by 4h and significantly higher (P < 0.001) AUC and RH compared to either of the tablets alone [14].
• Moreover, the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC0-infinity values, as well as the logarithmic transformed Cmax values, of Diabetmin Retard over those of Glucophage Retard was within the acceptance criteria of 0.80-1.25 [18].

Gene context of metformin

• Metformin hydrochloride is an effective alternative to sulfonylureas in obese and non-obese patients with NIDDM in whom diet alone has not achieved glycemic control, and it may be useful as addon therapy in patients whose diabetes has not responded adequately to sulfonylureas plus dietary measures [13].
• OBJECTIVE: The bioavailability of a generic preparation of metformin (Diabetmin from Hovid Sdn Bhd) was evaluated in comparison with a proprietary product (Glucophage from Lipha Pharma Ltd., UK) [19].
• Metformin hydrochloride and recurrent miscarriage in a woman with polycystic ovary syndrome [20].
• Avicel 955 MCC containing drug mixes were more tolerant to minor alterations in level of hydration and yielded spheres which showed a small retardation of drug release despite the very high solubility of metformin hydrochloride [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of metformin

• Metformin hydrochloride in patients undergoing myelography [22].
• The relative bioavailability of the sustained-release pellets was studied in 12 healthy volunteers after oral administration in a fast state using a commercially available immediate release tablet (Glucophage) as a reference [16].

References