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MeSH Review:

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

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Disease relevance of Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Although obesity is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases, potent PPAR gamma activators such as the glitazone drugs lower glucose and lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and also have antiatherosclerotic and antihypertensive effects [1].
Troglitazone decreases insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but its effects on subjects without diabetes are not known [2].
In patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in whom proinsulin (0.2 U per kilogram of body weight) was subcutaneously injected at 9 a.m., fasting glucose levels (247 +/- 22 mg per deciliter [+/- SEM]) became normal within six hours and elevated rates of hepatic glucose output were lowered [3].
Pancreatic islet cell toxicity of amylin associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus [4].
In vitro, Ure2p and Sup35p form amyloid, a filamentous protein structure, high in beta-sheet with a characteristic green birefringent staining by the dye Congo Red. Amyloid deposits are a cardinal feature of Alzheimer's disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, and many other diseases [5].

Psychiatry related information on Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Physical activity is recommended by physicians to patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), because it increases sensitivity to insulin [6].
Since this publication, whole genome screening has been performed in a variety of human polygenic diseases, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and multiple sclerosis [7].
Dementia and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) are highly prevalent disorders in the elderly [8].
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) across populations of the Pacific Ocean region to assess whether variability in those two proportions followed some predictable pattern related to modernization of life-style and risk factor levels [9].
ATT39 factor scores, in 134 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 166 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, were correlated with scores on the Cattell 16 personality factor questionnaire and the locus of control of behavior scale (LCB) [10].

High impact information on Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance [11].
Identification of this novel non-maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) form of diabetes demonstrates that IB1 is a key regulator of 3-cell function [12].
Type 2 or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is the most common form of diabetes worldwide, affecting approximately 4% of the world's adult population [13].
BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested that thiazide diuretics and beta-blockers may promote the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus [14].
BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance, a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, is due mostly to decreased stimulation of glycogen synthesis in muscle by insulin [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Efficacy of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [16].
Effect of troglitazone in type 2 diabetes mellitus [17].
Lovastatin for lowering cholesterol levels in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [18].
Development and progression of renal disease in Pima Indians with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Renal Disease Study Group [19].
We describe a codon 299 mutation in the glucokinase gene in a British pedigree with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) resulting in a substitution of glycine to arginine [20].

Biological context of Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Insulin resistance is thought by many to be the primary defect that results in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [21].
Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [22].
MODY is genetically heterogeneous, associated with glucokinase mutations and a locus on chromosome 20q; in about 50% of cases, its genetic background is unknown [23].
Time of onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and genetic variation in the beta 3-adrenergic-receptor gene [24].
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a major public health problem, but its aetiology remains poorly understood [25].

Anatomical context of Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

The storage of glucose as glycogen in skeletal muscle is frequently impaired in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and their nondiabetic relatives [26].
We find that PC-1 activity is increased in fibroblasts from seven of nine patients with typical non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [27].
The pathophysiological hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus consist of insulin resistance, pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, and increased endogenous glucose production [28].
A primary culture system of adipocytes from obese subjects with or without non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and nonobese control subjects has been developed [29].
Amyloid deposits in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas are a common finding in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [30].

Gene context of Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

Development of a novel polygenic model of NIDDM in mice heterozygous for IR and IRS-1 null alleles [31].
In contrast to the glucokinase and HNF-1alpha genes, mutations in the HNF-4alpha gene are a relatively uncommon cause of MODY, and our understanding of the MODY1 form of diabetes is based on studies of only a single family, the R-W pedigree [32].
Recent studies have identified multiple sequence variants of IRS-1, especially in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [33].
We have examined 10 unrelated Caucasian families in which MODY/NIDDM co-segregated with markers for MODY3 for mutations in the HNF-1alpha gene (TCF1) [34].
These studies strongly suggest that heterozygous mutations in the HNF-1beta gene are associated with a syndrome characterized by MODY and severe, non-diabetic renal disease [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2

To determine whether sulfonylureas and exogenous insulin have different effects on insulin action, we studied eight patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus before and after three months of treatment with tolazamide and exogenous semisynthetic human insulin, using a randomized crossover design [36].
Influence of treatment with diet alone on oral glucose-tolerance test and plasma sugar and insulin levels in patients with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus [37].
Glyburide or insulin for metabolic control in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A randomized, double-blind study [38].
To generate an animal model for MODY we have expressed in transgenic mice a GK antisense RNA with a ribozyme element under control of the insulin promoter [39].
The effect of aging, obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on glucose-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) levels was studied in 55 male subjects, ranging in age from 19 to 84 yr, and in obesity, expressed as body mass index, from 21 to 34 [40].

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