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TGG1  -  myrosinase 1

Arabidopsis thaliana

Synonyms: AtTGG1, BETA GLUCOSIDASE 38, BGLU38, THIOGLUCOSIDE GLUCOHYDROLASE, thioglucoside glucohydrolase 1
 
 
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High impact information on TGG1

  • In Arabidopsis thaliana, hydrolysis by the enzyme, myrosinase, produces bioactive nitriles, epithionitriles, or isothiocyanates depending upon the plant's genotype and the glucosinolate's structure [1].
  • The heterologously expressed Arabidopsis ESP was able to convert glucosinolates both to epithionitriles and to simple nitriles in the presence of myrosinase, and thus it was more versatile than previously described ESPs [2].
  • Arabidopsis myrosinases TGG1 and TGG2 have redundant function in glucosinolate breakdown and insect defense [3].
  • In contrast, leaf extracts of tgg1tgg2 double mutants had undetectable myrosinase activity in vitro, and damage-induced breakdown of endogenous glucosinolates was apparently absent for aliphatic and greatly slowed for indole glucosinolates [3].
  • Transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying beta-glucuronidase and green fluorescent protein reporter genes fused to 0.5 or 2.5 kb of the TGG1 promoter region were used to study spatial promoter activity [4].
 

Biological context of TGG1

 

Associations of TGG1 with chemical compounds

  • The GT and the most 3' AG dinucleotides mentioned above have been assumed to be the intron borders of intron 1 in several myrosinase genes [6].
  • This compound has previously been described as a product of myrosinase-mediated breakdown of glucoraphanin, the predominant glucosinolate in Arabidopsis leaves [7].
  • A wound- and methyl jasmonate-inducible transcript coding for a myrosinase-associated protein with similarities to an early nodulin [8].
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis by thioglucosidase of cell sap collected from S-cells using a glass microcapillary resulted in the release of glucose, indicating that these cells contain glucosinolates at high (> 100 mM) concentration, which is consistent with the concentration of S (> 200 mM) estimated by x-ray analysis of cell sap samples [9].
  • Furthermore, the activation of the promoter for the putative thioglucosidase gene (At2g44460) by S deficiency was suppressed by auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA) [10].
 

Other interactions of TGG1

  • In developing seeds, a few cells reacting with the TGG1 probe, but not with the TGG2 probe, were found indicating a partly different expression of these genes [5].
  • COI1 affects myrosinase activity and controls the expression of two flower-specific myrosinase-binding protein homologues in Arabidopsis [11].
  • The results show that COI1 controls MBP expression in flowers and significantly affects the expression and activity of myrosinase in Arabidopsis [11].
  • The similarity between MyAP and a lipase from Arabidopsis thaliana indicated a possible function in liberating acylated glucosinolates from their acyl group, thereby making them available for hydrolysis by the myrosinase enzymes [12].
  • Transcript levels known to be involved in IAA/glucosinolate synthesis and metabolism (nitrilase and myrosinase) were examined and both showed developmental regulation, while only nitrilase mRNA levels differed between wild type and mutant seedlings [13].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of TGG1

References

  1. The gene controlling the quantitative trait locus EPITHIOSPECIFIER MODIFIER1 alters glucosinolate hydrolysis and insect resistance in Arabidopsis. Zhang, Z., Ober, J.A., Kliebenstein, D.J. Plant Cell (2006) [Pubmed]
  2. The Arabidopsis epithiospecifier protein promotes the hydrolysis of glucosinolates to nitriles and influences Trichoplusia ni herbivory. Lambrix, V., Reichelt, M., Mitchell-Olds, T., Kliebenstein, D.J., Gershenzon, J. Plant Cell (2001) [Pubmed]
  3. Arabidopsis myrosinases TGG1 and TGG2 have redundant function in glucosinolate breakdown and insect defense. Barth, C., Jander, G. Plant J. (2006) [Pubmed]
  4. Guard cell- and phloem idioblast-specific expression of thioglucoside glucohydrolase 1 (myrosinase) in Arabidopsis. Husebye, H., Chadchawan, S., Winge, P., Thangstad, O.P., Bones, A.M. Plant Physiol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  5. The myrosinase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana: gene organization, expression and evolution. Xue, J., Jørgensen, M., Pihlgren, U., Rask, L. Plant Mol. Biol. (1995) [Pubmed]
  6. The unusual 5' splicing border GC is used in myrosinase genes of the Brassicaceae. Xue, J., Rask, L. Plant Mol. Biol. (1995) [Pubmed]
  7. Study of the role of antimicrobial glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates in resistance of Arabidopsis to microbial pathogens. Tierens, K.F., Thomma, B.P., Brouwer, M., Schmidt, J., Kistner, K., Porzel, A., Mauch-Mani, B., Cammue, B.P., Broekaert, W.F. Plant Physiol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  8. A wound- and methyl jasmonate-inducible transcript coding for a myrosinase-associated protein with similarities to an early nodulin. Taipalensuu, J., Falk, A., Rask, L. Plant Physiol. (1996) [Pubmed]
  9. Identification of a new glucosinolate-rich cell type in Arabidopsis flower stalk. Koroleva, O.A., Davies, A., Deeken, R., Thorpe, M.R., Tomos, A.D., Hedrich, R. Plant Physiol. (2000) [Pubmed]
  10. A negative regulatory role for auxin in sulphate deficiency response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Dan, H., Yang, G., Zheng, Z.L. Plant Mol. Biol. (2007) [Pubmed]
  11. COI1 affects myrosinase activity and controls the expression of two flower-specific myrosinase-binding protein homologues in Arabidopsis. Capella, A.N., Menossi, M., Arruda, P., Benedetti, C.E. Planta (2001) [Pubmed]
  12. Regulation of the wound-induced myrosinase-associated protein transcript in Brassica napus plants. Taipalensuu, J., Andreasson, E., Eriksson, S., Rask, L. Eur. J. Biochem. (1997) [Pubmed]
  13. The tu8 mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana encoding a heterochromatin protein 1 homolog causes defects in the induction of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Bennett, R.N., Wenke, T., Freudenberg, B., Mellon, F.A., Ludwig-Müller, J. Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany) (2005) [Pubmed]
  14. The glucosinolate-degrading enzyme myrosinase in Brassicaceae is encoded by a gene family. Xue, J.P., Lenman, M., Falk, A., Rask, L. Plant Mol. Biol. (1992) [Pubmed]
  15. Characterization of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with metabolically engineered high levels of p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate. Petersen, B.L., Andréasson, E., Bak, S., Agerbirk, N., Halkier, B.A. Planta (2001) [Pubmed]
 
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