Disease relevance of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

• Hantaviruses cause two human diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) [1].
• Sera from Korean HFRS patients reacted best with Hantaan virus, but cross-reactivity with all other viruses except Thottapalayam (TPM) virus was also observed [2].
• Detection of nephropathia epidemica virus RNA in patient samples using a nested primer-based polymerase chain reaction [3].
• The coding region of the S segment was further amplified by PCR, ligated to pEX vectors and expressed in Escherichia coli as a beta-galactosidase fusion protein and was seen to be specifically detected by nephropathia epidemica sera in immunoblotting [4].
• 79 patients hospitalized at the University Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Zagreb during the large HFRS outbreak in Croatia in 2002 were retrospectively analysed [5].

High impact information on Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

• HFRS after a wild rodent bite in the Haute-Savoie--and risk of exposure to Hantaan-like virus in a Paris laboratory [6].
• In contrast to NY-1V, HTNV uniquely induced a variety of chemokines and cell adhesion molecules (i.e., IL-8, IL-6, GRO-beta, ICAM), as well as two complement cascade-associated factors that may contribute to immune components of HFRS disease [1].
• Studies on immunopathogenesis in epidemic hemorrhagic fever: sequential observations on activation of the first complement component in sera from patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever [7].
• Electron microscopy of nephropathia epidemica. Renal tubular basement membrane [8].
• Thus, delayed induction of antiviral MxA in endothelial cells after infection with HTNV could allow viral dissemination and contribute to the pathogenesis leading to HFRS [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

• Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome [10].
• Elevated plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, soluble TNF receptors, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome [11].
• The adjuvant effect of two lipophilic derivatives of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), B30-MDP and MDP-Lys(L18), on the ability of an inactivated vaccine of B-1 virus (B-1 vaccine) to induce immune response against Hantavirus causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) was examined [12].
• The increased expression of both early and late T cell activation antigens, e.g. CD25, CD71 and HLA-DR, memory cells and sCD23 positively correlated with biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, urea, alpha2-globulin) during the acute phase of HFRS [13].
• This study suggests that the most important factor contributing to the urinary-concentrating defect in HFRS is the reduced collecting duct responsiveness to vasopressin [14].

Biological context of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

• Serology and restriction enzyme digestion of polymerase chain reaction-amplified segments from this virus showed that it was a strain of Puumala (PUU) virus, the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica [15].
• Puumala and Dobrava viruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Bosnia-Herzegovina: evidence of highly cross-neutralizing antibody responses in early patient sera [16].
• High-producer allele of tumour necrosis factor-alpha is part of the susceptibility MHC haplotype in severe puumala virus-induced nephropathia epidemica [17].
• Competitive binding of the MAbs and sera from nephropathia epidemica patients indicated that the defined neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes of the glycoproteins were immunodominant also in humans [18].
• The biallelic polymorphisms in the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter region were studied in patients with nephropathia epidemica (NE) [17].

Anatomical context of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

• The results showed the ratio of activated antigen (CD25, TLiSA1, CD71, and Ia)-positive lymphocytes of PBMC in the acute phase of HFRS was higher than that in convalescent phase [19].
• In patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, peritubular capillaries and medular vasa recta were generally extremely congested and focally ruptured, and their basal lamina showed prevailing thinning and focal discontinuities [20].

Gene context of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

• TNF-alpha is known to induce pathophysiologic and clinical changes similar to those seen in nephropathia epidemica and in diseases caused by other hantaviruses [11].
• Viruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) encode two glycoproteins, G1 and G2 [21].
• In summary, LDH3 activity was elevated in the oliguric stage of Korean hemorrhagic fever and LDH2 was elevated in chronic renal failure; those values were correlated with the BUN level [22].
• Sequential measurements of activation of the 1st component of complement (C1) in the sera of 29 patients hospitalized with epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) were performed according to a method recently developed [7].
• Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis [23].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

• A major obstacle in studying the medical aspects of HFRS and HPS has been the lack of an adequate animal model [24].
• Equally high sensitivities and specificities for detection of PUU-specific IgM in acute-phase HFRS patient sera were obtained by the ELISA based on DES-PUU-N and the assay based on the native antigen [25].
• SK/Aa, in comparison with a DOBV-Af isolate, was used for serotyping neutralizing antibodies of HFRS patients in Central Europe. Most patients' sera exhibited a higher endpoint titer when probed with our new isolate, suggesting that DOBV-Aa strains are responsible for most of the DOBV-caused HFRS cases in this region [26].
• In search for the Norwegian nephropathia epidemica (NE) agent, lung sections from small rodents and sera from human patients have been tested by indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) [27].

References