Disease relevance of Communicable Diseases

• A controlled trial comparing vidarabine with acyclovir in neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group [1].
• Tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is believed to have an important role in the pathogenesis of severe infectious disease and fatal cerebral malaria is associated with high circulating levels of this cytokine [2].
• Patients with malignant lymphoproliferative diseases, ie, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma, were found to have higher porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) activity in their peripheral lymphocytes than normal control subjects, patients with other malignant neoplasms, and patients with various infectious diseases [3].
• The clinical progression of several infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus, some types of parasitoses, and tuberculosis, is thought to be associated with the predominance of a Th2-type T-cell response [4].
• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cachexia in neoplastic and infectious diseases [5].

Psychiatry related information on Communicable Diseases

• The decision to use oral or parenteral antibiotics should be based on results regarding microorganism sensitivity, patient compliance, infectious disease consultation, and the surgeon's experience [6].
• Advocates of amphetamine substitution therapy argue that needle sharing by amphetamine users, and associated infectious disease risk, outweigh the risks associated with oral dexamphetamine substitution prescribing, and that substitution can allow stabilization and gradual withdrawal of patients, or maintenance [7].

High impact information on Communicable Diseases

• Despite these complexities, stimulation or blockade of TNFR family costimulators shows promise for several therapeutic applications, including cancer, infectious disease, transplantation, and autoimmunity [8].
• Levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (3385 +/- 195 units per milliliter) and CD8 (4145 +/- 437 units per milliliter) were higher in patients with measles than in those with other infectious diseases (2377 +/- 440, P = 0.003; 2399 +/- 771, P = 0.0374) or in healthy children (865 +/- 138, P less than 0.0001; 1026 +/- 169, P less than 0.0001) [9].
• We investigated the role of granulysin in human infectious disease using leprosy as a model [10].
• The recessive autosomal disorder known as ICF syndrome (for immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies; Mendelian Inheritance in Man number 242860) is characterized by variable reductions in serum immunoglobulin levels which cause most ICF patients to succumb to infectious diseases before adulthood [11].
• In the heterozygous state, increased resistance to infectious diseases may maintain mutant CFTR alleles at high levels in selected populations [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Communicable Diseases

• This first synthetic peptide parenteral vaccine against a communicable disease tested in man is safe and stimulates biologically active antibodies [13].
• Infectious diseases. Sand fly saliva may be key to new vaccine [14].
• The most commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics for the therapy of infectious diseases are penicillin and cephalosporin [15].
• DATA SOURCES--MEDLINE searches, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention records, state health department officials, infectious disease experts, and the meningococcal vaccine manufacturer [16].
• Although vitamin A deficiency in children seems to increase susceptibility to infection and community trials have shown that vitamin A supplementation can reduce childhood mortality from infectious diseases, the underlying biological mechanisms are largely unknown [17].

Biological context of Communicable Diseases

• In addition to implicating microbial agents in nontraditional infectious diseases, the use of methods such as broad-range polymerase chain reaction, representational difference analysis, expression library screening, and host gene expression profiling may force a reassessment of the concepts of microbial disease causation [18].
• Further studies on this peculiar aspect of the bacteria-host cell interactions, which leads to the outbreak of infectious diseases, might clarify whether this aspect of Rho GTPase activation or inactivation represents a finely adapted response of the pathogen for its own benefit or might lead to a reaction of the host against the bacteria [19].
• Genetics of the susceptibility to infectious diseases. First Louis Pasteur Conference on Infectious Diseases, Paris, 21-23 October, 1996 [20].
• The polymerase chain reaction is sensitive and specific in the detection of defined DNA sequences and holds promise for diagnosing the presence of fastidious microorganisms in human infectious diseases [21].
• We propose that TNF may contribute to T cell hyporesponsiveness in chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases by mechanisms that include down-regulation of TCRzeta expression [22].

Anatomical context of Communicable Diseases

• Nramp1 is expressed primarily in macrophages and mutations at this locus cause susceptibility to infectious diseases [23].
• LCs in leprosy lesions coexpress CD1a and langerin, placing LCs in position to efficiently present a subset of antigens to T cells as part of the host response to human infectious disease [24].
• These observations suggest that 1) the NKp46 receptor participates in NK cell-mediated lysis of cells infected with an intracellular pathogen, and 2) the reduced functional capacity of NK cells is associated with severe manifestations of infectious disease [25].
• Single-dose compared with 3-day norfloxacin treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. Canadian Infectious Diseases Society Clinical Trials Study Group [26].
• This review focuses on the use of G-CSF for donor stimulation and summarizes the current status of granulocyte transfusion therapy for treatment of infectious diseases [27].

Gene context of Communicable Diseases

• Generation of macrophages refractory to IL-10 can contribute to pathogenesis of inflammatory and infectious diseases characterized by production of interferon-gamma and immune complexes [28].
• The inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), elevated in inflammatory, malignant, and infectious diseases, induce low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor transcription in HepG2 cells, and such an induction can account for hypocholesterolemia associated with these states [29].
• These findings suggest the existence of a novel and specific innate immune mechanism regulating microbial-induced TLR triggering, and may lead to new therapeutics for the prevention and/or treatment of severe infectious diseases [30].
• The expression and interaction of CD40 and CD40L were investigated in human infectious disease using leprosy as a model [31].
• Our data suggest that innate immune recognition of LTA via LBP, CD14, and TLR-2 represents an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of systemic complications in the course of infectious diseases brought about by the clinically most important Gram-positive pathogens [32].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Communicable Diseases

• Despite the widespread use of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains globally the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease [33].
• These findings demonstrate the ability of specific CpG motifs to strongly activate certain subsets of human DCs to promote Th1-like immune responses, and support the use of CpG DNA-based trials for immunotherapy against cancer, allergy, and infectious diseases [34].
• The serum level of pseudouridine, primarily a degradation product of tRNA, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography in 24 patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), 13 patients with non-SCLC with advanced stages, 15 patients with pulmonary infectious diseases, and 18 healthy controls [35].
• The present data suggest that, on balance, IL-4 and IL-10 contribute to immunosuppression in human infectious disease [36].
• Data from animal models indicate that interleukin-2 is potentially valuable in the treatment of a variety of infectious diseases of viral, fungal, protozoal, bacterial, and mycobacterial origin [37].

References