Disease relevance of USAF A-5200

• The effect of 4,4-dimethylmorpholine chloride (Stymulen) on the Ames tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium [1].
• Conflicting evidence about the precise manner in which the CaMA arises was presented in studies of the luxate syndrome (Carter: J. Genet. 1954;52:1-35) and sirenomelia (Schreiner and Hoornbeek: J. Morphol. 1973;141:345-358) in the mouse [2].
• Re: Ortiz-Hildago C, Torres JE. Cytokeratin-positive interstitial reticulum cells in Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (Appl Immunohistochem Molecul Morphol 2002;10:194-5) [3].

High impact information on USAF A-5200

• Cardiac muscle began to be stained with antibodies raised against cardiac TN components in embryos after stage 10 (Hamburger and Hamilton numbering, 1951, J. Morphol. 88:49-92) [4].
• This approach is based on earlier observations that cholinergic neurons are among the first cells to withdraw form the mitotic cycle in the developing chick embryo (Hamburger, V. 1948. J. Comp. Neurol. 88:221-283; and Levi-Montalcini, R. 1950. J. Morphol. 86:253-283) [5].
• To assess the effects of reduced competition for peripheral targets on developing brachial dorsal root ganglia (DRG), chick embryos were subjected to partial ablations of the brachial neural crest at stages 13 or 14 (Hamburger, V., and H.L. Hamilton (1951) J. Morphol. 88: 49-92), using an ophthalmological cauterization unit [6].
• By implanting a resin exchange bead saturated with RA into stage 16 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951, J. Morphol. 88, 49-92) embryonic day 2.5 chick ears, it was possible to analyze its in vivo effects on inner ear development [7].
• Conclusions drawn from this study are consistent with the speculation of H.B. Chase and E.B. Chase (1941, J. Morphol. 68, 279-301) that there may be abnormal contact between the optic vesicle and presumptive lens ectoderm in the mutant strain, although there is a differing view on the cause of the abnormal contact [8].

Biological context of USAF A-5200

• Embryonic development up to stage 39 could be well described using the well-known developmental atlas for the chicken (Hamburger and Hamilton [1951] J. Morphol. 88:49-92) [9].
• Chick mandibular ectomesenchymal cells from Hamburger and Hamilton (J. Morphol. 88:49-92, 1951) stage 21 (HH stage 21) chick embryos undergo chondrogenesis forming cartilage nodules when maintained under micromass culture conditions [10].
• It has been suggested [Smith, S.G. (1952). J. Morphol. 91:325] that the 8AA + neo-XY karyotype of T. confusum was derived from the ancestral 9AA + XY formula, still present in T. castaneum, via the fusion of one pair of autosomes with the X and Y chromosomes during the early divergence of the confusum and castaneum species groups [11].
• METHODS: Embryonic chick pancreatic epithelium of gestational stage Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) 22 (J Morphol. 1951;88:49-92) was combined with quail stomach mesenchyme of increasing gestation (stage HH22 [n = 6], HH26 [n = 6], HH28 [n = 4], or HH31 [n = 6]) [12].

Anatomical context of USAF A-5200

• At the earliest stage of development examined (stage 9; Hamburger and Hamilton [1951] J. Morphol. 88:49-92), we detect RXRalpha transcripts in a stretch of neuroepithelium corresponding roughly to the presumptive caudal hindbrain [13].
• To begin to examine the molecular cues for axonal pathway formation of these interneurons, we screened a variety of molecules from embryonic day (E) 2 to E6.5 [stage 14-30 of Hamburger and Hamilton (1951) J. Morphol. 88:49-92] [14].
• This inference is consistent with previous reports (Nichols [ 1981] J Embryol Exp Morphol 64:105-120; Nichols [ 1986] Am J Anat 176:221-231) that mesenchymal cells emerge precociously from an epithelial neural fold domain resembling the primitive streak in the early embryonic epiblast [15].
• Specifically, Myers and Steudel (J. Morphol. 234 (1997) 183) have shown that fore- and hindlimb Natural Pendular Periods (NPPs) may affect quadrupedal kinematics and must converge to reduce locomotor energetic costs [16].
• The nephric duct of the chick embryo starts to form at about stage 10 of Hamburger and Hamilton ([1951] J. Morphol. 88:49-92) and extends posteriorly, fusing with the cloaca at about the end of the third day of incubation (HH stage 17) [17].

Associations of USAF A-5200 with other chemical compounds

• Heparin acrylic beads, each soaked in 100 micrograms/ml FGF-2, were applied to the Hamburger and Hamilton [(1951) J. Morphol. 88:49-92] stage 24 (day 4 of incubation) chick heart, near the primitive ventricle [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of USAF A-5200

• A lateral tissue grafting procedure (G. Webster and L. Wolpert, 1966, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 16, 91-104), was used to examine and compare the relative levels of these potentials in the normal and the mutant strains [19].

References