Disease relevance of Diagnosis-Related Groups

• Moreover, epinephrine-, carrageenan-, and nerve growth factor- (NGF-) induced hyperalgesia in normal rats, and epinephrine-induced enhancement of tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current (TTX-R I(Na)) in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, are inhibited by a PKCepsilon-selective inhibitor peptide [1].
• The enhanced neurite fasciculation after overexpression of NgCAM by adenoviral vectors indicates that NgCAM is the limiting component for the formation of the axonin-12/NgCAM2 complexes and, thus, neurite fasciculation in DRG neurons [2].
• Rat-derived dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures, transgenic for human CD4 and CCR5 treated with ARTs or HIV infected, or both, were studied with respect to quantitative neuronal injury [3].
• FIV infection up-regulated inducible NO synthase (iNOS), STAT-1, and TNF-alpha mRNA levels in DRG cultures [4].
• Genes could be transferred to DRG using polyethylenimine (PEI)/DNA complexes, Lipofectamine 2000/DNA complexes, adeno-associated virus vectors, or baculovirus vectors [5].

Psychiatry related information on Diagnosis-Related Groups

• Here, as a means of reviewing the use of such tests and as an aid in decision making, is a break down of the probability of stat testing based on Diagnosis-related Group categories [6].

High impact information on Diagnosis-Related Groups

• When cultured adult DRG cells were treated with antisense oligonucleotides to BDNF, expression of BDNF protein was reduced by 80%, and neuronal survival was reduced by 35% [7].
• We have used here antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC 1.14.16.2) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH; EC 1.14.17.1), two enzymes specific to catecholaminergic cells, to show that a subpopulation of rat DRG neurones is catecholaminergic and that the neurotransmitter they make is probably dopamine [8].
• However, after adjusting for diagnosis related group case mix, uninsured patients had, on average, 7% shorter stays (5.36 vs 5.79 days) and underwent 7% fewer procedures (1.16 vs 1.25) than Blue Cross patients, the differences varying with hospital type [9].
• The Runt-related genes Runx1 and Runx3 are expressed in DRG neuronal subpopulations, suggesting that they may regulate the trajectories of specific axons [10].
• Here we report that Runx3-deficient (Runx3(-/-)) mice displayed severe motor uncoordination and that few DRG neurons synthesized the proprioceptive neuronal marker parvalbumin [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Diagnosis-Related Groups

• We have tested the role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in regulating a group of putatively nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that do not express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and that downregulate the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkA, after birth [11].
• Here, we visualized neural Ca(2+) sparks in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons and investigated possible role of DRG sparks in the regulation of secretion from the somata of the cell [12].
• The mechanism by which dihydropyridines (DHPs) modulate the electrically evoked or KCI-induced release of substance P (SP) from embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons was investigated in the present study [13].
• The present study was designed to examine (1) if neural neurotrophin targets respond to estrogen as a general phenotypic feature and (2) if NGF receptor mRNAs are regulated by estrogen, using a prototypical target of NGF, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) (sensory) neuron [14].
• Here we investigated the function and expression of VR1 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats between 4 and 8 weeks after onset of diabetes [15].

Biological context of Diagnosis-Related Groups

• Apoptosis of DRG neurons containing peripherin aggregates was dependent on the proinflammatory central nervous system environment of spinal cultures, rich in activated microglia, and required TNF-alpha [16].
• In response to nerve ligation, persistent and marked up-regulation of CCR2 mRNA was evident in the nerve and DRG [17].
• Using a neuropathic pain model, chronic compression of the DRG (CCD), we compared anatomically separate populations of noncompressed lumbar DRG (L3/L6) with compressed lumbar DRG (L4/L5) for changes in the gene expression of CCR2 [18].
• The continued increase in volume can also be accounted for by the mitogenic effect of the RS grafts, since on E4.5 the percentage of thymidine-labeled cells compared with the total cell number in DRG is 28% higher in the polyganglia than in control ganglia [19].
• Transgene expression recapitulates the spatial endogenous galanin distribution pattern in DRG neurons and markedly overexpresses the peptide in the DRG after nerve injury but not in the uninjured state [20].

Anatomical context of Diagnosis-Related Groups

• GM-CSF had no direct effect on the levels of PdtOH and DRG, but it increased PdtOH generation and the late phase of DRG accumulation in human neutrophils stimulated with FMLP [21].
• These results indicate that NGF and NT-3 act on functionally distinct populations of adult sensory neurons and suggest that a sizeable number of small DRG neurons may not respond to neurotrophins via a known Trk in the adult rat [22].
• To investigate the influence of inflammatory cytokines on the potential of peripheral nerves to regenerate, we analyzed the effect of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on the ability of immortalized Schwann cells to mediate outgrowth of neurites from primary DRG neurons [23].
• Endogenous Arginase I levels are high in young DRGs but drop spontaneously at an age that coincides with the switch from promotion to inhibition by MAG/myelin [24].
• Developing spinal cord, superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) also expressed low levels of GDNF mRNA [25].

Associations of Diagnosis-Related Groups with chemical compounds

• In patch-clamped somata of rat DRG neurons, we found a depolarization-induced membrane capacitance increase (DeltaC(m)) in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) and in the presence of a Ca(2+) chelator (BAPTA) in the intracellular solution [26].
• The diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R59022 enhanced the sustained increase in DRG but did not produce a parallel inhibition in PdtOH production [21].
• When cultured with NGF, approximately 50% of these adult DRG neurons were capsaicin-sensitive, whereas adult sympathetic neurons or ganglionic nonneuronal cells were insensitive [27].
• Under whole-cell voltage clamp, kainate and domoate increase membrane conductance in a subpopulation of freshly dissociated DRG neurons [28].
• Glutamate receptor channels in rat DRG neurons: activation by kainate and quisqualate and blockade of desensitization by Con A [28].

Gene context of Diagnosis-Related Groups

• By expressing NP-1 in retinal neurons and NP-2 in DRG neurons, we demonstrate that neuropilins are sufficient to determine the functional specificity of semaphorin responsiveness [29].
• We show that mRNA and protein for the GDNF receptor tyrosine kinase, Ret, are expressed in the DRG in patterns that differ markedly from those of any of the neurotrophin receptors [11].
• In DRG neurons, this mechanism was found to lead to TRPV1-mediated currents that were enhanced by selective blockade of anandamide cellular efflux [30].
• Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) both supported neurite outgrowth from DRG explanted from all segmental levels [31].
• This work provides direct evidence for a potential role of NT-3 versus NGF in the survival of a specific subpopulation of DRG neurons [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Diagnosis-Related Groups

• Conversely, intrathecal injection of NGF, but not glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, increased TRPA1 in DRG neurons through the p38 MAPK pathway [32].
• In situ hybridization revealed that CCR2 mRNA was up-regulated in neurons and nonneuronal cells present in both compressed L4/L5 and ipsilateral noncompressed L3/L6 DRGs at postoperative day 5 (POD5) [18].
• Western blot analysis demonstrates that all four ASIC proteins are expressed in DRG and sciatic nerve [33].
• Complementary distribution of receptors for neurotensin and NPY in small neurons in rat lumbar DRGs and regulation of the receptors and peptides after peripheral axotomy [34].
• We also examined substance P levels in the DRG by immunocytochemistry under the same experimental conditions [35].

References