Disease relevance of V1ra1

• These results suggest that the specific alteration in liver VP receptors is not related to a defect in V1 receptor genetic expression but is specific for liver and appears to parallel the level of hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance [1].
• To detect the biological activity of mammalian putative pheromone receptors (V1Rs and V2Rs), the mouse V1R gene was introduced into a primary culture of vomeronasal cells using the adenovirus expression system, and the response of these cells to mouse urine was analyzed by calcium imaging [2].

High impact information on V1ra1

• Pheromone detection by the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is thought to rely on activation of specific receptors from the V1R and V2R gene families, but the central representation of pheromone receptor activation remains poorly understood [3].
• Surprisingly, second-order neurons tend to project their dendrites to glomeruli innervated by axons of sensory neurons expressing the same V1R or the same V2R gene [4].
• To investigate whether this large repertoire size is typical among mammals with functional VNOs, we here describe the V1R repertoires of dog, cow, and opossum based on their draft genome sequences [5].
• Phylogenetic analysis of placental V1R genes suggests multiple losses of ancestral genes in carnivores and artiodactyls and gains of many new genes by gene duplication in rodents, manifesting massive gene births and deaths [5].
• Primate and dog pseudogenes are distributed among almost all V1R subfamilies seen in rodents, indicating that the common ancestor of these species had a diverse V1R repertoire [6].

Biological context of V1ra1

• The preponderence of pseudogenes among human V1R sequences and the striking anatomical differences between rodent and human VNO raise the possibility that humans may have lost the V1R/VNO-mediated sensory functions of rodents [7].
• We sought to characterize V1R-like genes in the human genome [7].
• These human sequences exhibit characteristic features of V1R receptors and show 52%-59% of amino acid sequence identity with the rat sequences [7].
• Mouse and rat have lineage-specific V1R repertoires in each of three major subfamilies at these loci as a result of postspeciation duplications, gene loss, and gene conversions [8].
• In addition, we find extensive homology among putative V1R promoter regions in both species [8].

Anatomical context of V1ra1

• Genetically traced sensory neurons expressing a given gene of the V2R class of vomeronasal receptors project their axons to six to ten glomeruli distributed in globally conserved areas of the AOB, a theme similar to V1R-expressing neurons [4].
• Using PCR on a monochromosomal somatic cell hybrid panel and/or FISH, we demonstrate that these V1R-like sequences are distributed on chromosomes 7, 16, 20, 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 and possibly on additional chromosomes [7].
• The anti-idiotypic antibodies were employed to visualize vasopressin receptors on LLC-PK1 and A7r5 (V1-receptor-expressing) smooth muscle cells by immunofluorescence [9].
• Under the hypothesis that some of the pheromone molecules released from female reproductive organs might regulate sperm chemotaxis or chemokinesis, we examined whether the V1R type pheromone receptor mRNAs are expressed in developing germ cells [10].
• In contrast, the low molecular weight fraction induced egr-1 expression in the mitral/tufted neurons in the anterior subregion of the accessory olfactory bulb, suggesting that they activate the V1R class of vomeronasal receptor neuron [11].

Associations of V1ra1 with chemical compounds

• V1 receptor, however, stimulates cAMP formation via Ca(2+)-dependent PGE2 synthesis, whereas V2 receptor may stimulate it directly [12].
• Under the same conditions, AVP also induced the formation of diradylglycerol via V1 receptor activation, with an analogous dose/response curve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[13]
• This study used suspensions of medullary TAL (mTAL) tubules from the mouse nephron to investigate the possibility that, besides activating adenylyl cyclase, vasopressin also stimulates phospholipase C via V1 receptor occupancy [13].
• Effectiveness of the blockade was determined by injection of angiotensin and vasopressin before and during Saralasin and V1 receptor antagonist administration [14].

Regulatory relationships of V1ra1

• The V1 receptor agonist induced a highly significant dose dependent increase in the number of grains per NGFI-A positive cell [15].

Other interactions of V1ra1

• Expression of pheromone receptor gene families during olfactory development in the mouse: expression of a V1 receptor in the main olfactory epithelium [16].
• These findings suggest that the tolerance developed to morphine can be reversible when disturbing the function of brain AVP, but in addition to the different mechanisms of antiserum, V1 and V2 receptor antagonists, the V1 receptor-mediated mechanism may be more closely concerned in this phenomenon [17].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of V1ra1

• We have therefore designed a high-density oligonucleotide array containing all known mouse olfactory receptor (OR) and V1R vomeronasal receptor genes [18].
• Sequence analysis indicates substantial homology to mouse V1R and V2R VNO receptor families [19].

References