Disease relevance of Neurons, Afferent

• Here, a recombinant adenovirus was used to drive expression of a particular receptor gene in an increased number of sensory neurons in the rat olfactory epithelium [1].
• An overlap between subpopulations of nerve growth factor (NGF)-responsive and capsaicin-sensitive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons has been suggested from a number of in vivo studies [2].
• p38 MAPK activation by NGF in primary sensory neurons after inflammation increases TRPV1 levels and maintains heat hyperalgesia [3].
• A role for VR1 in injury-induced hypersensitivity at the level of the sensory neuron is presented [4].
• Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for the normal development of sympathetic and sensory neurons and it has been postulated that an abnormality involving NGF may be responsible for familial dysautonomia [5].

Psychiatry related information on Neurons, Afferent

• Major new insights are: Olfaction is accomplished in vertebrates by a very large number of receptors; olfactory sensory neurons express a small subset of the OR repertoire; in rat and mouse, axons of neurons expressing the same OR converge onto defined glomeruli in the olfactory bulb [6].
• Neurotrophin receptors (the receptor tyrosine kinases, Trks) mark the major classes of these sensory neurons: TrkA is expressed in neurons that sense temperature and noxious stimuli, and TrkC is expressed in proprioceptive neurons that sense body position [7].
• Previous work has indicated that capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons are involved in gastric mucosal defense mechanisms [8].
• As a test for the putative hyperalgesic function of peripheral sensory nerve opiate receptors, neonatal rats were treated with capsaicin (50 mg/kg s.c.) to destroy specifically the subpopulation of primary sensory neurons on which the peripheral opiate receptors are thought to be located, without markedly altering pain thresholds [9].
• Because gastric mucosal leptin is secreted in response to ingestion of a meal, we hypothesized that it might contribute to satiation (meal termination) by acting on gastrointestinal vagal afferent neurons [10].

High impact information on Neurons, Afferent

• Since GlyRs are involved in motor reflex circuits of the spinal cord and provide inhibitory synapses onto pain sensory neurons, these agents may provide lead compounds for the development of muscle relaxant and peripheral analgesic drugs [11].
• Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are nonselective cation channels first identified in retinal photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) [12].
• To test whether this phenotype is caused by ciliary defects of olfactory sensory neurons, we examined mice with deletions of Bbs1 or Bbs4 [13].
• Control of dendritic branching and tiling by the Tricornered-kinase/Furry signaling pathway in Drosophila sensory neurons [14].
• No models fully account for how odorant receptors (ORs) function in the guidance of axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Neurons, Afferent

• Substance P attenuates gastric mucosal hyperemia after stimulation of sensory neurons in the rat stomach [16].
• Because the evidence that serotonin serves as a facilitatory transmitter was indirect, we examined the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies in the abdominal ganglion in order to answer two questions: (1) do the sensory neurons receive serotonergic innervation and (2) are the L29 cells serotonergic [17]?
• Serotonin and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate modulate the potassium current in tail sensory neurons in the pleural ganglion of Aplysia [18].
• The tachykinins SP and NKA, released from terminals of primary sensory neurons in peripheral tissues, cause all the major signs of inflammation (neurogenic inflammation) by means of activation of NK(1) and NK(2) receptors [19].
• High doses of pyridoxine (1,200 or 600 mg/kg/d) for 6 to 10 days caused a neuronopathy with necrosis of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, accompanied by centrifugal axonal atrophy and breakdown of peripheral and central sensory axons [20].

Biological context of Neurons, Afferent

• The BDNF mutant homozygotes have substantially reduced numbers of cranial and spinal sensory neurons [21].
• The functional identity of an olfactory sensory neuron is defined by its expression of one odorant receptor from a large multigene family [22].
• Odorant signal transduction occurs in the specialized cilia of the olfactory sensory neurons [23].
• A BDNF autocrine loop in adult sensory neurons prevents cell death [24].
• In vivo somatosensory stimuli evoked the release of substance P from primary afferent neurons that terminate in the spinal cord and stimulated endocytosis of substance P receptors in rat spinal cord neurons [25].

Anatomical context of Neurons, Afferent

• In a culture system where a bifurcated Aplysia sensory neuron makes synapses with two motor neurons, repeated application of serotonin (5-HT) to one synapse produces a CREB-mediated, synapse-specific, long-term facilitation, which can be captured at the opposite synapse by a single pulse of 5-HT [26].
• In addition, we observe individual glomeruli in the accessory olfactory bulb that receive input from more than one type of sensory neuron [27].
• Here we show that two evolutionarily conserved proteins, the Tricornered (Trc) kinase and Furry (Fry), are essential for tiling and branching control of Drosophila sensory neuron dendrites [14].
• Here we report the cloning of a complementary DNA (P2X3) from rat dorsal root ganglia that had properties dissimilar to those of sensory neurons [28].
• The ASH sensory neurons mediate withdrawal responses both to mechanical stimuli and to repellents, and ASH makes chemical synapses with glr-1-expressing interneurons [29].

Associations of Neurons, Afferent with chemical compounds

• It is found in a subset of nociceptive sensory neurons where it is coexpressed with TRPV1/VR1 (the capsaicin/heat receptor) but not TRPM8 [30].
• Repeated pulses of 5-HT applied to the cell body of the sensory neuron produce a CREB-dependent, cell-wide facilitation, which, unlike synapse-specific facilitation, is not associated with growth and does not persist beyond 48 hr [26].
• Consistent with the expression of ANKTM1, we identify noxious cold-sensitive sensory neurons that also respond to capsaicin but not to menthol [30].
• Substance P is the best characterized of the peptides present in sensory neurons and has been shown to depolarize dorsal horn neurons and to facilitate nociceptive reflexes [31].
• Ionotropic receptors for the inhibitory amino acid GABA, expressed on the presynaptic terminals of crustacean motor axons and vertebrate sensory neurons, were the first well-defined mechanism for the heterosynaptic transmitter-mediated regulation of transmitter release [32].

Gene context of Neurons, Afferent

• Sensory neurons that depend for survival on one or more members of the nerve growth factor family of neurotrophic factors (nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3) were rescued by bcl-2, whereas ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)-dependent ciliary neurons were not [33].
• Sensory neurons, however, became refractory to bcl-2 after exposure to CNTF [33].
• The cloned capsaicin receptor, also known as the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), is a heat-gated ion channel that has been proposed to mediate responses of small-diameter sensory neurons to moderate (43 degrees C) thermal stimuli [34].
• Recombinant purified NT-6 has a spectrum of actions similar to NGF on chick sympathetic and sensory neurons, albeit with a lower potency [35].
• In mice lacking both NT4 and BDNF, facial neurons remained unaffected, whereas the loss of sensory neurons was more severe than with either mutation alone [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Neurons, Afferent

• In situ hybridization experiments with probes for 11 different odorant receptors demonstrate that sensory neurons expressing distinct receptors are topologically segregated into a small number of broad, yet circumscribed, zones within the olfactory epithelium [37].
• Microinjection of the CRE sequence into the nucleus of a sensory neuron selectively blocks the serotonin-induced long-term increase in synaptic strength, without affecting short-term facilitation [38].
• Molecular cloning and expression of neuroleukin, a neurotrophic factor for spinal and sensory neurons [39].
• Similarly, in co-cultures of Schwann cells and sensory neurons, NF-kappaB activation paralleled myelination, and blocking its activity or using cells from mice lacking the NF-kappaB subunit p65 markedly attenuated myelination [40].
• In summary, some sensory neurons respond to axotomy with a brisk transient increase in synthesis of interleukin-6 [41].

References