Disease relevance of VSIG2

• The calcitonin-like immunoreactivity (CT-like immunoreactivity) was measured in blood aspirated from the vascular bed of the anterior pituitary gland during transsphenoidal surgery in 33 patients with PRL-producing microadenomas, 2 patients with Cushing's disease, and 1 patient with metastatic breast cancer with a normal pituitary gland [1].
• Inhibition of the second exteroceptive suppression of temporalis muscle activity (ES2) produced by a preceding electrical stimulus applied at the index was studied in patients suffering from migraine without aura (MO), chronic (CTH) or episodic (ETH) tension-type headache [2].
• These results suggest that a locally secreted CT-like peptide(s) induces mitogenic responses in prostate cancer cells [3].
• BACKGROUND: Fabry disease is an X-linked inherited disorder that is caused by excessive lysosomal globotriaosylceramide (CTH) storage due to a deficiency in alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A) [4].
• If its anabolic effects are ultimately found to be separable and additive to CT's basic action to inhibit bone resorption, new approaches to osteoporosis prevention, and possibly other treatment situations such as cartilage regeneration, may evolve using novel CT-like molecules [5].

High impact information on VSIG2

• Thus, 20 CT or CT-like genes were identified, with several exhibiting expression in five or more of the cancer cell lines examined [6].
• In this study, we have carried out large-scale extractions from Sprague-Dawley rat brain diencephalon and pituitary, and purified a novel, biologically active, CT-like peptide from pituitary [7].
• Finally, IUF1 was shown to be immunologically related to a recently cloned factor, IPF1, that binds to a CT-like sequence in the rat insulin I gene promoter [8].
• Recent studies have mapped a glucose response element to a CT-like sequence in the rat insulin I gene [8].
• In vitro, rat pituitaries in a serum-free medium did not release measurable amounts of immunoreactive CT-like material even when medium contained high Ca (2.5 mM), high K (25 mM), or TRH (10(-6) M) [9].

Biological context of VSIG2

• We also identified a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), namely c.1364G>T (S403I) in exon 12 of CTH [10].
• BACKGROUND: Chymotrypsin (CT) and CT-like enzymes contribute to the dynamics of metabolism by their participation in digestion, peptide hormone generation and catabolism, fertilization of ova and inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, among other processes [11].
• The "in vitro" 5HT binding curves to lymphocytes and monocytes of tension-type headache patients show a constant trend; during headaches, both CTH and ETH patients present a desensitization phenomenon with a complete loss of high affinity binding sites for 5HT [12].
• CTH 1364T/T homozygotes had significantly higher mean plasma tHcy concentration than subjects with other genotypes, and the effect sizes of CTH and MTHFR genotypes were similar [10].
• At the FL site, greater biomass was found in the CTH than in the WTH treatment 15 years after harvest, and this effect is attributed to be due to differences in understory competition [13].

Anatomical context of VSIG2

• The present studies were undertaken to examine whether iSCT (immunoreactive salmon CT-like human peptide) co-exists with iHCT (thyroid CT-like substance) in human prostate tissue extracts, and whether these substances are secreted by primary prostate cells in culture [14].
• Accumulation of trihexosylceramide (CTH) in these foamy epithelial cells was confirmed with immunohistochemical staining with the use of anti-CTH monoclonal antibody [15].
• These results clearly show that a salmon CT-like immunoreactive molecule is present in pigeon hypothalamus and midbrain, in addition to its main locations in the UBG and thyroid gland [16].
• Extracts of hypothalamus contained 31.5 +/- 9.65 ng/g wet weight as salmon CT-like immunoreactivity while extracts of midbrain and brain stem contained 17.0 +/- 5.00 and 2.85 +/- 2.1 ng/g wet weight respectively [16].
• We studied the 5HT binding on surfaces of lymphocytes and monocytes in 26 tension-type headache patients (16 affected by chronic form (CTH) of the disease and 10 by episodic form (ETH] [12].

Associations of VSIG2 with chemical compounds

• Single nucleotide polymorphism in CTH associated with variation in plasma homocysteine concentration [10].
• Bis-dioxolene bridged dinuclear metal complexes of general formula M2(CTH)2(diox-diox)(PF6)n (n = 2, 3; M = Co(III), Cr(III); CTH = tetraazamacrocycle) have been synthesized using the bis-bidentate ligand 5,5'-di-tert-butyl-3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxybiphenyl [17].
• Recently, we discovered that cystathioninuria was caused by mutations in the CTH gene encoding cystathionine gamma-lyase, an enzyme that converts cystathionine to cysteine in the trans-sulfuration pathway [10].
• Cerium (IV) trihydroxyhydroperoxide (CTH) was introduced as a packed oxidant before the analytical column for the conversion of methotrexate into highly fluorescent products [18].
• Cerium (IV) trihydroxyhydroperoxide (CTH) was introduced as a packed oxidant before analytical column for the conversion of methotrexate into highly fluorescent 2,4-diaminopteridine derivatives [19].

Other interactions of VSIG2

• G-CCK-like immunoreactivity was found in 97.6%; VIP-like immunoreactivity in 41%; CT-like immunoreactivity in 34%; GIP-like immunoreactivity in 10%; PP-like immunoreactivity in 40% and MT-like immunoreactivity in 60% of the samples [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of VSIG2

• The CT-like peptide has an elution position on gel filtration similar to that of rat and human calcitonin [21].
• We have recognized CGRP- and CT-like peptides in extracts of the human brain, pituitary and thyroid using a combination of gel filtration analysis and HPLC, and specific RIAs [22].
• Presence of CT-like peptide in rat pituitaries was not abolished by prior thyroidectomy [21].
• This effect well explains the CT-like effect of CGRP seen in the in vivo rat CT bioassay [23].
• We have studied the rat pituitary gland using a radioimmunoassay for CT and have also found immunoreactive CT-like material [24].

References